<p>The Franklin Pierce Homestead is a historic house museum and state park located in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. It was the childhood home of the fourteenth President of the United States, Franklin Pierce.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on the east side of Washington Road (New Hampshire Route 31), about 100 yards north of its intersection with New Hampshire Route 9, on a 13 acre property in the Lower Village area of Hillsborough. It is a two-story hip-roofed wood frame structure whose main block was built in 1804. There are two entries, one on the west (street-facing) facade and one on the south facade. Both are topped by five-light transom windows, and flanked by pilasters which support an entablature and triangular pediment. A two-story wing was added to the rear of the house, probably later in the 19th century. Attached to this wing are a small wellhouse, and a single-story shed connecting the house to a gable-roofed barn.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main block has four rooms in the first floor, organized around a central hall and stairs. The parlor is to the left, and the dining room to the right. The kitchen is behind the dining room, and the master bedroom is behind the parlor. On the second floor, the front of the house is taken up by a full-width ballroom, while the back has two bedrooms, each with a dressing room. All of the rooms of the main block were originally decorated with stenciling, some of which has survived. The wing contains a kitchen and laundry below, and bedrooms (presumably for servants) above.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1804 by the future Presidents father, Benjamin Pierce. Benjamin Pierce, who had served during the American Revolution and would later become governor of New Hampshire, bought 200 acres in the Lower Village area of Hillsborough after the new state turnpike opened nearby. In addition to the home, he also built a tavern here. After Benjamin Pierces death in 1839, the property was transferred to his son-in-law John McNeil Jr., a general during the War of 1812. McNeil had married Pierce&#39;s daughter Elizabeth, whose house next door was built in 1807 and today known as the Elizabeth Pierce House, now an antique shop.</p><br>
<p>The home is one of Franklin Pierces probable places of birth, the other now lying beneath the nearby impoundment of Franklin Pierce Lake. Pierce lived at the homestead until 1834 when he married, with the exception of a seven-year span spent away for school, college, and law study. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1824, as the young Pierce and his friends were supporting Andrew Jackson for President, and returned to the family home in Hillsborough to study law. He moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in the Spring of 1825 to work in the law office of Levi Woodbury. In March 1828, Pierce returned to Hillsborough and made his first formal political appearance to assist his fathers campaign for governor at a town meeting. He returned to the family homestead in 1834 when he married Jane Appleton. Jane was never comfortable in Hillsborough, and the Pierces moved to Concord, New Hampshire, while Franklin was then serving in the state legislature, where they lived in a rented house while he established a new law partnership.</p><br>
<p>On August 19, 1852, the town hosted a mass meeting and rally for Pierce&#39;s presidential campaign which drew an estimated 25,000 people with speeches and food. At the end of his single term, Pierce returned temporarily to the family homestead in June 1857.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and current use</h2><br>
<p>The home remained in the Pierce family until 1925, when it was donated to the state of New Hampshire. It underwent restoration and renovation in the 1940s and the 1960s. The barn has been converted to a welcome center with displays and artifacts. The home is operated as a museum by the Hillsborough Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington is a mountain on the eastern edge of the Vancouver Island Ranges of British Columbia and the site of the popular Mount Washington Alpine Resort. It is located approximately 25 km from the Comox Valley.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after Rear Admiral John Washington, official Hydrographer, British Royal Navy, by Captain George Richards while charting the West Coast in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, Mount Washington has many trails for mountain bikers, and offers scenic chair lifts and hiking trails to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washington is home to the Vancouver Island marmot, one of the planet&#39;s most endangered mammals. Found in the wild only on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, the differs significantly from other marmot species. In an effort to increase Vancouver Island marmot populations, the has established captive breeding facilities across Canada. The largest of these is the located on Mount Washington.</p><br>
<p>The following broadcasting stations have their transmitter sites on the east face of Mount Washington, facing out over the Comox Valley and Campbell River:</p><br>
<p>CKLR-FM, 97.3 MHz</p><br>
<p>CFCP-FM, 98.9 MHz</p><br>
<p>CHAN-TV-4, channel 11</p><br>
<p>CHEK-TV-5, channel 13</p><br>
<p>Several amateur radio repeaters are also located on Mount Washington.</p><br>
<p>Mount Leinster  is a 796 m mountain in the Republic of Ireland. It straddles the border between Counties Carlow and Wexford, in the province of Leinster. It is the fifth-highest mountain in Leinster after Lugnaquilla 925m, Mullaghcleevaun 849m, Tonelagee 817m, and Cloghernagh 800m, and the highest of the Blackstairs Mountains. A 2RN transmission site tops the peak with a mast height of 122 m.</p><br>
<p>The transmission site is a popular location for hang gliding and RC Glider enthusiasts to launch from. In 2003, a hang glider pilot died from injuries sustained in the crash landing of his flight launched from the mountain. There is a memorial at the peak of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is most often climbed from the Nine Stones, a landmark point at the foot of Mount Leinster, about 8 miles east of Borris. From Borris there is a road to a visitor car park on the mountain. From there the steep 2RN access road leads to the summit. This road is closed to normal traffic and 2RN have now fenced off the transmitter mast from public access to prevent vandalism.</p><br>
<p>The Nine Stones and the car park lie on the saddle between Mount Leinster and the nearby Slievebawn (Sliabh Bán; 52°38′18.6″N 6°48′33.32″W; 520m). There are in fact ten stones. They are arranged in a line and the largest is about 50 cm high. The origin of the stones is uncertain.</p><br>
<h3>Cycling</h3><br>
<p>Mount Leinster has been used in stages of the Tour of Ireland and on many occasions in the FBD Insurance Rás (Rás Tailteann). It may be climbed from the Borris side in County Carlow or the Bunclody side in County Wexford. Ascending from Borris the climb is 11 km long and has an average gradient of 6.9%. The last two kilometres are very tough reaching a gradient of almost 16%. Although the climb from Bunclody is slightly longer at 13 km its average gradient is 5.9%. The last kilometre of this climb is difficult with a gradient of 16.3%. The mountain is also used by The ML Syndicate (mountain biking club) who use the area for trail riding and MTB sporting events.</p><br>
<h2>Transmission site</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Leinster transmitter is owned and operated by 2RN and at 796m ASL it is the highest transmission site in Ireland. It was one of the original five main Telefís Éireann television transmitters when it opened on low power in December 1962. It became fully operational on 12 June 1963 with a 625-line service on VHF Band III Channel F. The new RTÉ Radio FM service was added in 1966, and RTÉ&#39;s second television channel RTÉ 2 was carried on VHF when it started in 1978. UHF television transmissions from Mount Leinster began in 1996 with the introduction of Teilifís na Gaeilge. The original 1962 mast was replaced in 2010 with a taller one of 122m in preparation for digital television transmissions. In common with all the other 2RN sites, analogue television transmissions from Mount Leinster ceased on 24 October 2012.</p><br>
<p>Today the site provides the Irish digital television service Saorview, and eight FM radio stations to a large area of South East Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Current transmissions</h2><br>
<h3>Digital television</h3><br>
<h3>Analogue FM radio</h3><br>
<h3>List of Mount Leinster DTT relay transmitters</h3><br>
<p>Rambynas Regional Park is one of the Regional Parks in Lithuania, situated at Pagėgiai municipality  on the right Nemunas river bend in Lithuanian Republic near the border of Kaliningrad Oblast. The park was founded in 1992 with its area of 4,786 ha.</p><br>
<h2>About Rambynas Regional Park</h2><br>
<p>The Rambynas Regional Park territory for its natural and cultural heritage has been divided into eight protection and conservation zones (83.6% of the total park area) which are:</p><br>
<p>Bitėnai Geomorphological Reserve</p><br>
<p>Šilėnai Botanical Reserve</p><br>
<p>Bitėnai Botanical and Zoological Reserve</p><br>
<p>Ragainė Inflection Hydro-logical Reserve</p><br>
<p>Šereitlaukis Architectural Reserve</p><br>
<p>Jūra River Ichtiological Reserve</p><br>
<p>Vilkyškių Geo-morphological Reserve</p><br>
<p>Vilkyškiai Urban Reserve</p><br>
<p>Other areas include: recreation areas (3.2%), defense areas (7.2%), business areas (6, 0% of the total park area) and a park territory tangled in a relatively dense network of roads with about 5.4 km of roads in an area of 100 acres.</p><br>
<p>Among the eight park reserves the biggest protected park attractions are - the Nemunas valley landscape, Wetland meadows and their typical flora communities, Rambynas hill and its woods, Bitėnai and Bardėnai villages with preserved natural and cultural attractions, The ridge crest of Vilkyškiai, Regional forests characterized by a variety of woods, The environment of Šereitlaukis estate, The old town of Vilkyškiai and unique white stork colonies nesting in the pine trees.</p><br>
<p>In the park area, there are eight villages: Bitėnai, Bardinai, Šereitlaukis, Opstainys, Pempynė, Vilkyškiai and part of Lumpėnai, with a population of 1340 inhabitants, 247 hectares of water ponds (5.1% of the park area).</p><br>
<p>13 kilometers from the Nemunas and Jūra river confluence to the Rambynas park boundary is the largest river in Lithuania, the Nemunas, and the Lithuanian state border with Russia&#39;s Kaliningrad enclave. The Nemunas valley is washed with 33 old river lakes, the largest - the Merguva (44.8 ha) and Bitežeris (13.8 ha).</p><br>
<h2>Protected Areas Management - "Phase I" and "Phase II"</h2><br>
<p>State Service for Protected Areas under the Ministry of the Environment, together with a number of Authorities for protected areas in Lithuania will implement the EU Structural Funds for the project “Protected Areas Management"</p><br>
<p>The project objectives are:</p><br>
<p>Facilitate public access to protected environments</p><br>
<p>Facilitate visits to protected areas without harming the environment</p><br>
<p>Create conditions for the “Natura 2000” sites improvement</p><br>
<p>“Phase I” completion of the following activities:</p><br>
<p>Organisation and adaption of 4 heritage sites for visitors:</p><br>
<p>Rambynas new stone altar ensemble</p><br>
<p>Opstainiai I ( Vilkyskiai, Raudondvaris ) mound, Opstainiai II mound, Šereiklaukis mound</p><br>
<p>Completion of Rambynas Regional Park Visitors Center in the Bitėnai village</p><br>
<p>Completion of Visitor Centre exposition and display stands</p><br>
<p>“Phase II” implementation and outgoing works of the following activities:</p><br>
<p>Installation of field information system and visitors infrastructure</p><br>
<p>Completed “Natura 2000” territory network of Šereiklaukis forest meadows (about 20 acres)</p><br>
<h2>Publications</h2><br>
<p>In collaboration of Rambynas Regional Park direction and “Sandūra” Society in Pagėgiai implemented newspaper and magazine - almanac “Rambynas” publishing project.</p><br>
<p>The newspaper “Rambynas” issued 2 times a year. This 8 -page publication is dedicated to Rambynas Regional Park residents and introduces park visitors to the park values also how Rambynas Regional Park Authority operates in a variety of topical issues related to the park.</p><br>
<p>Magazine –almanac "Rambynas” released once a year. This is a richly illustrated 86 - page publication, a prominent Lithuanian historians and scientists examine Rambynas and Pagėgiai surrounding areas, as well as culture, history, environmental issues and to provide a wide popular readership of Lithuania Minor. The journal provides a summary in English language.</p><br>
<p>Press, Television, Radio Support Fund ( PTRSF) partially supports and funds project “Rambynas - Lithuania Minor ethnographic identity preservation" - already several years presented on magazine “Rambynas”.</p><br>
<h2>Park Goals</h2><br>
<p>Preserve the Nemunas River landscape, its natural ecosystem and cultural heritage and manage park resources rationally.</p><br>
<p>Protect existent natural and cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Restore destroyed natural and cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Observe, gather information and conservation of cultural heritage protection, promote the natural and cultural heritage and its protection.</p><br>
<p>Tourism development, expansion and renewal of recreational areas.</p><br>
<h2>Places to Visit</h2><br>
<p>An observation deck on the Rambynas hill (Beautiful Nemunas river valley view with its surrounding wetland planes)</p><br>
<p>Lithuanian Minor pantheon - Bitėnai Cemetery (last resting place of many Lithuania Minor patrons and activists)</p><br>
<p>Educational eco-tourism walking trails (Many kilometers of hiking and walking trails)</p><br>
<p>White stork colony in Bitėnai village (Unique white stork colony nesting in pine trees (20-24 nests, depending on the year))</p><br>
<p>Martynas Jankus Museum (Lithuania Minor patron and activist museum and exhibition)</p><br>
<p>Šereiklaukis and Opstainiai (Vilkyškiai and Raudondvaris) mounds</p><br>
<p>Barrow</p><br>
<p>Place of Šereiklaukis Manor</p><br>
<p>39 “Oak Alley” (At the outskirts of Vilkyškiai woods, majestically stands 39 oak alley. Trees are 18–20 meters in height and size of 3–5 meters)</p><br>
<p>Natural Monument "Witches Spruce" (Spruce declared a natural monument. Its height of 32 meter, 5 meters in waist and branching to the 18 stems. In 2007 after a major wind storms, one trunk break away, now it has 17 trunks)</p><br>
<p>Vilkyškiai town urban reserve</p><br>
<p>Viewing Platform ( Beautiful views from 15 meters high viewing platform of Merguva lake, wetland meadows and Ragainė (Neman) town in the distance)</p><br>
<p>Rambynas Regional Park visitor centre and exposition (Modern visitor centre with exhibition, souvenir shop and place to rest)</p><br>
<p>The park contains several reserves established to protect both the nature (pine stands and oak stands) and ethnographic values in the (Bitėnai and Bardinai villages). Rambynas hill also belongs to the park territory. In nearby Vilkiškiai town, a number of old buildings representing the typical architecture of the area still exist.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The Nemunas river curve is surrounded by forests, the overgrown ridge crest of Vilkyškiai, covered with a variety of heights and shapes, continental dunes, the valley wetland flooded meadows, ancient lakes decorated with inlays that mark the beginning of the Nemunas delta. The landscape was formed by the last ice age, where the ice cap boundary was at the Rambynas.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The hyssop (lat. Gratiola officinalis ) hedge is commonly found around the lake Merguva area. The hedge plant is used widely in pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>Natures Monument - "Witches Spruce" - grows in Vilkyškiai forest. This is a 17 trunk spruce tree, nearby "Oak Alley", which is an object of Natural Heritage, can be found.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of Bitėnai village a colony of white storks are located which in the summer time nest in the pine trees.</p><br>
<p>The park area encounters 8 species of bats, of which, 5 are included in the Red Data Book of Lithuania (Book of highly endangered or near extinct animals and plants).</p><br>
<p>In the woods of Šereiklaukis lives Fat Dormouse. In the Rambynas Regional Park 4 Wetland meadows and 8 forest habitats of European importance can also be found.</p><br>
<p>Where Nemunas down the ridge of Vilkyškiai bends, nature and history have created a set of values with the shrine of the Skalvians tribe, Lithuanian national rebirth and a symbol of the book smuggling era - Rambynas hill, overlooking the majestic views of the Ragainė, Tilžė and the beginning of the Nemunas Delta.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural Heritage</h2><br>
<p>Tribal life and battles with the crusaders are commemorated by the series of mounds built by Skalvians (Opstainiai, Vilkyškiai, Šereiklaukis) and the ancient villages, temples and Balts shrine - Rambynas. In later centuries this land and its manors speal of the former glory of the Vilkyskiai, Šereiklaukis and Pempynė estates. An urban reserve exists in Vilkyškiai with a school, rectory and the Evangelical Lutheran church buildings. Martynas Jankus homestead still called "Book-smugglers" Mecca can also be found there. In the forest near Rambynas is a tight graveyard called the pantheon of Lithuania Minor. This is the final resting place of Vydūnas, Martynas Jankus, V.K. Banaitis, A. Žvinakis and E. Grigolaitytė.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>After World War II, Lithuania Minor has lost many of its people so the way of life, traditions and customs also ceased. But some festivals are still celebrated like St. John&#39;s festival and Užgavėnės (Ash Wednesday eve).</p><br>
<p>Bitėnai - literature, printing and book-smuggling spot in Lithuania, so on Rambynas are celebrated “Book-smugglers” Day.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century on Rambynas first time in Lithuania was staged “Lithuanian Song Festival” and performed first Lithuanian play.</p><br>
<p>Belle Grove, also known as Belle Grove Plantation, was a plantation and elaborate Greek Revival and Italianate-style plantation mansion near White Castle in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. Completed in 1857, it was one of the largest mansions ever built in the South, surpassing that of the neighboring Nottoway. Nottoway is often cited as the largest antebellum plantation house remaining in the South. The masonry structure stood 62 ft high and measured 122 ft wide by 119 ft deep, with seventy-five rooms  spread over four floors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belle Grove was owned by John Andrews, a wealthy sugar planter originally from Virginia. Andrews owned over 7,000 acre spread over several plantations, with Belle Grove having 3/4 mi of river frontage. He founded Belle Grove during the 1830s, with Dr. John Phillip Read Stone as a partner. Andrews assumed full ownership in 1844, when the partnership was dissolved. By the 1850s, his more than 150 slaves were producing over one-half million pounds of sugar each year.</p><br>
<p>Andrews built the mansion from 1852 to 1857 at a cost of $80,000, not including the free (slave) labor or the plentiful cypress lumber and hand-made bricks produced on the plantation. The house was designed by New Orleans architect Henry Howard. Andrews had a legendary rivalry with the owner of Nottoway Plantation, John Randolph. This competition even extended to their mansions, with both massive structures designed by Howard in a mix of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ware purchased the home from John Andrews after hearing him say that he wanted to sell it. Henry Ware and his descendants owned and operated the plantation for 65 years. Two of Henrys sons eventually acquired the estate, James Andrew Ware and John M. Ware. James married Mary Eliza Stone and John married Marie-Louise Dupre, who was related to Jacque Dupre&#39;, former governor of Louisiana. Every first-born daughter was named Marie-Louise in straight succession for four generations since. (Marie-Louise Ware Castillo source)</p><br>
<p>Eventually, James and Mary Eliza Stone acquired the entire estate and John and Marie-Louise owned Dixon Grove plantation. Their son, John Stone Ware, known as Stone Ware, was well-educated by private tutors and later attended Tulane University. Harnet Kane interviewed Stone and he told of his isolation noting that he was a "spoiled brat, hardly fit to live with. I had, I guess, anything a kid could ask, except maybe companionship." One observer noted, Stone had, "all the composure in the world." See Lost Plantations of the South, Marc R. Matrana, pg. 190. After several years of crop failures, John Ware and his wife left in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Following the American Civil War and ensuing collapse of the plantation economy, Andrews sold the home and plantation in 1867 to James Ware, for the meager sum of $50,000. The Ware family continued to live and farm the plantation until the early 1920s. After several bad crop years, they were forced to sell the home. From 1925 onwards the house sat vacant.</p><br>
<p>The post-War era at Belle Grove saw the finely crafted home rot away in Louisiana&#39;s harsh environment. Neglect allowed a roof leak to expand and destroy one wing of the mansion. Several owners purchased the home, each with aspirations of restoration, but none had the means necessary in the lean years of the Great Depression and World War II to stop the onslaught of rapid decay. On March 17, 1952, a mysterious fire during the night destroyed what remained of the house.</p><br>
<p>Dozens of books have been written regarding Belle Groves beauty and charm, while hundreds of photographs have been published illustrating those narratives. During the late 1930s a comprehensive set of photographs and architectural drawings were produced for the Historic American Buildings Survey. This material, an inventory of the houses contents made on the death of James A. Ware in 1908, and a drawing of the missing wing, are all available on the website of the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<p>Photographer Clarence John Laughlin described Belle Grove in his work, Ghosts Along the Mississippi:</p><br>
<p>When completed, its tremendous mass rose on huge brick foundation arches over twelve feet above the surrounding earth, its walls and mantels were plastered and carved by the most expert European craftsmen money could secure, its great flight of brick steps was covered with imported marble, its door knobs and keyhole guards were of silver, its pillars bore Corinthian capitals six feet high but of the utmost refinement. Its theatrical magnificence would have delighted the Bibiena family - seventeenth century designers of the most elaborate and grandiose stage sets for kings. Yet it was not heavy, or pompous. It managed somehow, to combine vastness with delicacy; titanic proportions with grace and warmth....</p><br>
<p>Fort Buford was a United States Army Post at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers in Dakota Territory, present day North Dakota, and the site of Sitting Bull&#39;s surrender in 1881.</p><br>
<p>Company C, 2nd Battalion, 13th Infantry, 3 officers, 80 enlisted men and 6 civilians commanded by Capt. (Brevet Lt. Col.) William G. Rankin, first established a camp on the site on June 15, 1866, with orders to build a post, the majority of which was built using adobe and cottonwood enclosed by a wooden stockade. The fort was named after the late Major General John Buford, a Union Army cavalry general during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Lakota attacks</h2><br>
<p>The second night after arrival the camp was attacked by a band of the Hunkpapa Lakota led by Sitting Bull, they were driven off with one soldier wounded. The next day, the same group attacked and attempted to drive off the company&#39;s herd of beef cattle, but were repulsed and two Lakota killed. Parties of men cutting and rafting logs from the mouth of the Yellowstone were often attacked and driven to camp, where the fighting often lasted from two to six hours with losses on both sides.</p><br>
<h3>Hard winter</h3><br>
<p>Three civilian wood cutters were killed at the mouth of the Yellowstone in December. Lieut. Hiram H. Ketchum with sixty men reacted, drove off the Indians and recovered the bodies with slight loss to his detachment. According to the regimental history, the Lakota boasted that they intended to annihilate the soldiers and during the winter they besieged the post. The siege cut off the garrison from the nearby Missouri River and forced them to sink shallow wells near their quarters in order to obtain fresh water. The shallow well water they drank was contaminated, by the posts livestock and/or human waste, and caused dysentery. From December 21–24 a large group of the Hunkpapas repeatedly attacked and captured the posts ice house and sawmill located near the river and opened fire on the post. The attackers were not repelled until Rankin ordered his two 12 pound Napoleons to return fire. Captain Rankin&#39;s wife spent the winter in camp, enduring the hardships and dangers with the troops in garrison.</p><br>
<h3>Massacre hoax</h3><br>
<p>The harassing raids and resulting lack of communication from the isolated post led to the perpetration of a hoax, the "Fort Buford Massacre", purporting that the fort had been wiped out, Capt. Rankin captured and tortured to death, and Rankin&#39;s wife captured and abused. The episode began when the Philadelphia Inquirer ran a story April 1, 1867, based on a letter allegedly written from the fort, which was then picked up and run the next day nationwide. It was given "legs" by a letter published April 6 in the Army and Navy Journal, attributed to the wife of a prominent Army officer, confirming the massacre. Although by April 4 many newspapers had begun to question the validity of the report, The Chicago Daily Times, Detroit Free Press, New York Daily Tribune, New York Times, and Boston Herald, among others, continued to feed the rumors with further stories for another month, many of them accusing the Army and the Johnson Administration of covering up the massacre. The hoax was eventually exposed by Rankin himself in correspondence to the war department.</p><br>
<p>Although the general harassing by the Lakota of Fort Buford lasted until the early 1870s, the worst was during that first year, June 1866 to May 1867. In May, the Missouri River thawed allowing the sternwheeler steamboat Graham to reinforce the garrison with additional riverboats arriving in June carrying Companies B, F, G, and part of E thereby enabling the garrison to better defend itself and allow for more permanent structures to be built.</p><br>
<h2>Construction phases</h2><br>
<p>With the arrival of Companies B, F, G, and E, Fort Buford was expanded in 1867–1868 from the original 1866 one-company 360-foot square frontier stockade to a 540 x 1,080 feet 5 company fort with only three walls towards the West, North, and East. The South side, while not being walled off, was enclosed by the long portion of a reverse "L" of adobe barracks buildings and the Missouri River towards the South served as a natural moat. The reconstructed barracks on the site today is on the location of where the original that formed the short leg of the "L" was. In 1867, old Fort Union, A fur trading post dating back to 1829 and located 2 miles away by land, 7 by river, was bought by the Army and parts of it were demolished and used at Fort Buford during this construction phase. The reason being that the wood there had 30 years worth of age and was of superior quality to the green cottonwood available along the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers where the only native wood grew.</p><br>
<p>The post was expanded again in 1871–1872 with the arrival of Colonel William B. Hazens 6th Infantry Regiment to a six-company infantry post covering approximately a square mile, including laundress quarters and other civilian areas, using lumber shipped from the Eastern United States by steamboat but with no stockade. At that time the fighting had moved further westward into Montana Territory and the garrison was large enough to no-longer need the perimeter stockade. The original Commanding Officers Quarters at the site today was part of this expansion and originally built in 1871–1872 and served as Hazens residence from 1872–1880. This structure sits at the southern end of what once was a double row of Officers Quarters that ran towards the North. Beyond this double row the stone Powder Magazine was built in 1875 out of sandstone quarried from an area located to the North of the fort. When in use the magazine held over a million rounds of ammunition for the forts garrison, much of it being black powder cartridges one of which was the.45-70. At this time Fort Buford became a key element in the supply route for the military campaigns of 1876–1877 in Montana Territory. At the peak of occupation, which followed the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 until 1881, there were just under 100 buildings and approximately 1,000 people occupying the post at any given moment including infantry and cavalry companies bivouacking in tents on the parade ground while being resupplied.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1871–1872 expansion there were several improvements to the fort. In 1873–1874 the 6 adobe barracks from the 1867–1868 expansion were rehabilitated in order to stabilize their crumbling adobe, this was done by adding wood sheathing to the outside of the building protecting it from the weather as well as plastering the interior and replacing the sod roof with a new lighter roof covered with tar and gravel. At the same time, the kitchen and mess hall for each barracks was relocated from the main building to a new addition connected by a short hallway. This new addition was built using the same quality lumber from the Eastern States as used in the other buildings of the 1871–1872 expansion, the existing reconstruction represents what the original building would have looked like in 1876. By 1880 however, all of the remaining adobe barracks buildings were collapsing, with a few having already collapsed and forcing the men to bivouac in tents on the parade ground. By 1881, the adobe structures were torn down and replaced with wooden structures relocated to the eastern side of the parade ground. In 1883, the Commanding Officers Quarters bay window was pushed out to the South adding on two rooms to the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the last of the expansions took place. A much larger Commanding officers Quarters was built on the northern end of Officers Row replacing the 1872 Hazen Quarters which then became the Field Officer&#39;s Quarters. A water tower was built towards the river and attempts were made at installing water mains to the structures. The attempt failed however, because they could not bury the pipes deep enough to keep them from freezing every Winter with the last attempt at 8 feet.</p><br>
<p>The remoteness of the post, poor quality of its original construction, and age resulted in the fort&#39;s deterioration with many of the original adobe and cottonwood structures constantly in a state of collapse due to unskilled labor, the elements, and poor construction methods when built.</p><br>
<h2>Decommissioning and the site as it is today</h2><br>
<p>Due to the settlement of the region and the poor condition of the post, Fort Buford was decommissioned by the Army on October 1, 1895. In 1896, all of the remaining structures were sold at auction to be either hauled away or torn down. All but 3 were moved: the 1872 Commanding Officers Quarters where Sitting Bull surrendered his rifle, the 1875 stone Powder Magazine, and a Duplex Officers Quarters. The Duplex was used as a residence and the much smaller Commanding Officer&#39;s Quarters was used as a guest house and later as a granary by the Mercer family and the grounds were called "Villa Militare" until the grounds were given to the State of North Dakota in 1927. The Duplex burned down destroying with it many artifacts in 1937. In the 1990s the former Officer of the Guard/Officer of the Day building was found being used as a pump house for the nearby irrigation canal and was relocated to its original location. In 2004, an example of an adobe barracks was built at the location of an original barracks that was there from 1867 to 1881. From archaeological findings at the site prior to its construction, it was determined that this particular barracks held Co. G 6th Infantry Regiment while the 6th Infantry was stationed at the post from 1871 to 1880. Of the approximately 1 square mile sized fort only 40 acres is currently owned by the state of North Dakota. Today the North Dakota State Historical Society runs Fort Buford as Fort Buford State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The Alcobaça Monastery  is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Alcobaça, in Oeste Subregion. The monastery was founded in the medieval period by the first Portuguese King, Afonso Henriques, in 1153, and maintained a close association with the Kings of Portugal throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>The church and monastery were the first Gothic buildings in Portugal, and, together with the Monastery of Santa Cruz in Coimbra, it was one of the most important of the mediaeval monasteries in Portugal. Due to its artistic and historical importance, it was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Alcobaça Monastery is one of the first foundations of the Cistercian Order in Portugal. It was founded in 1153 as a gift to Bernard of Clairvaux, shortly before his death, from the first Portuguese King, Afonso Henriques, to commemorate his victory over the Moors at Santarém in March 1147. The foundation of the monastery was part of the strategy by Afonso Henriques to consolidate his authority in the new kingdom and promote the colonisation of areas recently taken from Moorish hands during the Reconquista.</p><br>
<p>The building of the monastery began in 1178, some 25 years after the arrival of the Cistercian monks in the Alcobaça region. Initially, the monks lived in wooden houses, and only moved to the new stone monastery buildings in 1223. The church was completed in 1252. The finished church and monastery were the first truly Gothic buildings in Portugal, and the church was the largest in Portugal. The last touch in the mediaeval ensemble was given in the late 13th century, when</p><br>
<p>King Dinis I ordered the construction of the Gothic cloister, the Cloister of Silence.</p><br>
<p>The monks dedicated their lives to religious meditation, creating illuminated manuscripts in a scriptorium. The monks from the monastery produced an early authoritative history on Portugal in a series of books. The library at Alcobaça was one of the largest Portuguese mediaeval libraries, but was pillaged by the invading French in 1810, and many items were stolen in an anti-clerical riot in 1834, when the religious orders in Portugal were dissolved. The remnants of the monastery library, including hundreds of mediaeval manuscripts, are kept today in the National Library in Lisbon.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages, the monastery quickly became an important and powerful presence in Portugal. The monastery owned and developed extensive agriculture areas, and the abbot exerted influence over a large area. A public school was opened in 1269. The importance of the monastery can be measured by the fact that many monarchs were buried here in the 13th and 14th centuries. Kings Afonso II, Afonso III, and their Queens Urraca of Castile and Beatrice of Castile are buried here, as well as King Pedro I and his mistress, Inês de Castro, who was murdered on the orders of Pedro&#39;s father, King Afonso IV. After being crowned King, Pedro commissioned two magnificent Gothic tombs for him and his mistress, both of which can still be seen inside the monastery church.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of Manuel I, a second floor was added to the cloister and a new sacristy was built, following the characteristic Portuguese late Gothic known as "Manueline". The monastery was further enlarged in the 18th century, with the addition of a new cloister and towers to the church, although the mediaeval structure was mostly preserved. In the Baroque period, the monks were famous for their clay sculptures, many of them are still inside the monastery. Elaborate tiles and altarpieces completed the decoration of the church.</p><br>
<p>The great 1755 Lisbon earthquake did not cause significant damage to the monastery, although part of the sacristy and some smaller buildings were destroyed. Greater damage was caused by invading French troops in the 1800s. In addition to looting the library, they robbed the tombs, and stole and burnt part of the inner decoration of the church. In 1834, with the dissolution of monastic life in Portugal, the last monks were ordered to leave the monastery.</p><br>
<p>Alcobaça Monastery was classified as a National Monument January 1, 1907 and included to the special protection zone on August 16, 1957.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Alcobaça Monastery is one of the main historic tourist destinations in Portugal.</p><br>
<h2>Art and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Alcobaça Monastery was built following an early Gothic style, and represents the arrival of this style in Portugal. The church and other main buildings were constructed from 1178 until the end of the 13th century. The church was consecrated in 1252. Following the precepts of the Order of Cistercians, the original monastic buildings were built under clean architectonic lines, without any decoration apart from some capital sculpture and a statue of the Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The main façade of the Monastery has two plain-style wings with the church in the middle. The façade of the church is a mix of styles: the portal and the rose window above were part of the original church, while the statues and the two flanking towers were added in the beginning of the 18th century. The side walls of the church have crenellations and the apse has eight flying buttresses to support the weight of the vault of the apse, a typical feature of Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Interior of the church</h3><br>
<p>The first architect(s) of the church, most probably of French origin, followed the design of the Abbey of Clairvaux (now mostly demolished), which had been founded by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1115. The church is a Latin-cross building with pronounced transept arms and three aisles. The lateral aisles of the nave are as high (20 metres) as the central one, which together with the relative slenderness of the church (17 metres) and large length (106 metres) conveys an impression of monumentality. Alcobaça remains, after 800 years, the largest Portuguese church. The vertical emphasis observed in the building is a typical gothic feature.</p><br>
<p>Columns and walls are devoid of decoration, as required in Cistercian churches, and the interior is very brightly illuminated by rows of windows on the walls and rose windows on the main façade and transept arms. The main chapel, like in Clairvaux, is surrounded by a gallery (ambulatory) and has a series of radiating chapels. The aisles are covered by simple Gothic vaulting.</p><br>
<h3>Royal tombs</h3><br>
<p>In the transept of the church are located the tombs of King Pedro I and his mistress, Inês de Castro, who was assassinated, in 1355, under the orders of Peter&#39;s father, King Afonso IV. After becoming King, Pedro ordered the remains of his beloved to be transferred to her tomb in Alcobaça and, according to a popular legend, made her be crowned as Queen of Portugal and ordered court members to pay her homage by kissing her decomposing hand.</p><br>
<p>This pair of Royal tombs in Alcobaça, of unknown authorship, are among the best works of gothic sculpture in Portugal. The tombs are supported by lions, in the case of the King, and half-men half-beasts, in the case of Ines, and both carry the recumbent figures of the deceased assisted by a group of angels. The sides of Pedros tomb are magnificently decorated with reliefs showing scenes from Saint Bartholomews life, as well as scenes from Pedro and Ines&#39; life. Her tomb is decorated with scenes from the life of Christ, including the Crucifixion and with the Last Judgement.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel of Saint Bernard</h3><br>
<p>This chapel, located in the South side of the transept, has a sculptural group depicting the "Death of Saint Bernard", one of the best works authored by 17th-century Alcobaça monks. In each side of the chapel are buried Kings Afonso II and Afonso III.</p><br>
<h3>Royal Pantheon</h3><br>
<p>From the right arm of the transept one reaches the Royal Pantheon, a room built in the end of the 18th century in neo-gothic style, being the earliest neo-gothic architectonic experience in Portugal.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Pantheon has the 13th-century tombs of the Queens of Portugal, Urraca of Castile and Beatrix of Castile, married respectively to Kings Afonso II and Afonso III. Besides, there are smaller tombs of unidentified princes. The most remarkable tomb is that of Queen Urraca (died in 1220), buried in a richly decorated late romanesque tomb. A relief showing the Queen is seen over the tomb, and the sides are decorated with the Apostles under round arched gallery. Other reliefs show the King, surrounded by their children, mourning the late Queen, as well as Christ surrounded by a mandorla and the symbols of the Four Evangelists. Other tombs are richly decorated with arabesques of mudéjar-romanesque style, as well as the Apostles.</p><br>
<h3>Sacristy</h3><br>
<p>From the ambulatory the sacristy of the church can be reached. The sacristy had been built in manueline style in the early 16th century, but had to be rebuilt after the 1755 quake. The corridor leading to the sacristy, covered by a splendid manueline rib vaulting, and the portal to the sacristy have survived the quake. The portal is a framed by intertwined vegetal branches that carry the coat-of-arms of Portugal.</p><br>
<h3>Room of the Kings</h3><br>
<p>This room, located close to the entrance of the church, has a series of 17th-18th century statues representing the Kings of Portugal. The walls are decorated with blue-white 18th century tiles that tell the history of the Monastery of Alcobaça, since its foundation by Afonso Henriques.</p><br>
<h3>Dormitory</h3><br>
<p>The dormitory is a big gothic room where the monks slept together: only the abbot was allowed to have his own room. In the 16th century the space was divided into individual cells. In the 1930s the cell walls were demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Refectory</h3><br>
<p>The refectory was the room in which the monks had their meals everyday. While they ate, one of the monks read aloud passages of the Bible from a pulpit, which in Alcobaça is embedded on one of the walls. The access to the pulpit is done through an arched gallery with a staircase. The pulpit is one of the most harmonious architectural structures of the monastery. Like the dormitory, the refectory has many pillars separating aisles and is covered by early gothic rib vaulting.</p><br>
<h3>Cloister of Silence</h3><br>
<p>The cloister of the monastery was built during the reign of, and sponsored by, King Dinis I. It is one of the largest mediaeval Cistercian cloisters in Europe. Its columns are decorated by capitals with animal and vegetal motifs. The builder was the Portuguese architect Domingo Domingues. The Gothic Fountain Hall has an elegant early renaissance water basin inside, decorated with renaissance motifs including the coat-of-arms of the monastery and reliefs of gryphs. The second floor of the cloister, in manueline style as revealed by its typical twisted columns, was built in the early 16th century.</p><br>
<h3>Chapter House</h3><br>
<p>This room, where the monks gathered to discuss the daily matters concerning the monastery, was the most important room after the church. Their daily gathering began by listening to the reading of a chapter from the Rule of St Benedict. The entrance to the house is done through a romanesque-looking portal with two similar windows on each side. The room is now filled with baroque statues created by the monks for the main chapel of the church.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen</h3><br>
<p>The kitchen of the monastery was built and covered with tiles in the mid-18th century. The central chimney is enormous, supported by eight iron columns. Water and fresh fish were diverted from the river Alcoa to the kitchen basin through a specially built canal.</p><br>
<p>The Chester A. Arthur Home was the residence of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur , both before and after his four years in Washington D.C. while serving as Vice President and then as President. Located at 123 Lexington Avenue in New York City, Arthur spent most of his adult life living in the residence. While Vice President, Arthur retreated to this house after the July 2, 1881 shooting of President James Garfield. Arthur was in residence here when Garfield died on September 19, and took the presidential oath of office in this building. A commemorative bronze plaque was placed inside the building in 1964 by the Native New Yorkers Historical Society and New York Life Insurance, and the house was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 12, 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chester A. Arthur Home is located in Manhattan&#39;s Kips Bay neighborhood, on the east side of Lexington Avenue between 28th and 29th Streets. It is a five-story masonry structure with Romanesque Revival styling. It is three bays wide, and has an elaborate cornice, which obscures its low-pitch or flat roof. Windows on the upper three floors are set in segmented arch openings, with splayed stone lintels and bracketed sills. The lower two floors have been converted into a retail space, with a modernized storefront, and the upper floors have been converted to apartments. The interior of the house has relatively little historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>Chester Alan Arthur moved to New York City in 1848, where he engaged in the practice of law, and in Republican Party politics. He rose in the citys Republican machine to become Collector of the Port of New York, a major patronage post. He was chosen to be James Garfields running mate in the 1880 election, and became president after Garfield died on September 19, 1881, from wounds incurred in an assassination attempt a few days earlier. Arthur took the oath of office in this house, and retired to it after his term ended in 1885. He died here the following year.</p><br>
<p>The house was later purchased by William Randolph Hearst It has since undergone many changes. Today, the building houses Kalustyan&#39;s, a Mediterranean grocery store, on the first two floors, and apartments on the top three.</p><br>
<p>It is the only surviving building in New York City where a president was inaugurated.</p><br>
<p>Mobile National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Mobile, Alabama. It encompasses 5.2 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 5,326 interments. It is an annex to the larger Magnolia Cemetery. Mobile National Cemetery is administered by Barrancas National Cemetery in Pensacola, Florida, and is currently closed to new interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mobile National Cemetery was established in 1865, when Union troops occupied the city of Mobile after the Battle of Mobile Bay, during the Civil War. Initially, casualties of the battle were interred in a section of the city owned Magnolia Cemetery, but they quickly had a need for more space and a plot of 3 acre was granted to the Army by the city in 1866. By 1871, the cemetery had 841 interments, mostly soldiers whose remains were moved from other nearby battlefield sites.</p><br>
<p>Mobile National Cemetery was listed, along with the rest of Magnolia Cemetery, on the National Register of Historic Places on 13 June 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The 76th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment Monument was erected in 1892 by the survivors of the Battle of Fort Blakely.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Fortification Monument, a granite monument, was erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Private First Class John Dury New, Medal of Honor recipient for action in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Lake Braddock is a reservoir in the community of Burke in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Lake Braddock is created by an impoundment on a tributary stream of Pohick Creek, itself a tributary of the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors and the Northern Virginia Soil District signed contracts which allowed the construction of the dam impounding the tributary of the Pohick creek in Burke. The $138,500 cost of the dam, intended as the first of eight to control soil erosion and flooding in the Pohick watershed, was split between the USA Department of Agriculture and the Yeonas Development Corporation, the latter of which intended to build a 1000-unit development on the surrounding 400 acres.</p><br>
<p>The ultimate cost of the dam creating the 19-acre lake was $93,000 to the USA Government and $104,000 to Yeonas.</p><br>
<p>The fact that the lake included no public recreation facilities despite being financed with public money was the subject of controversy, and led to the amendment of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act in 1972 to require public access to all such facilities constructed in the future.</p><br>
<p>Stonewall Jackson Lake is an 2,630 acre impoundment on the West Fork River in Lewis County, West Virginia. The lake is a flood control project of the Pittsburgh District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and named for Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, a native of Lewis County. Stonewall Resort is located along the lake&#39;s shore. Facilities provided by the Corps of Engineers included a visitors center with public restrooms, a hiking trail, and fishing access.</p><br>
<p>Downstream towns and cities protected by the lake include Weston, Clarksburg, Shinnston, and Fairmont, all in West Virginia</p><br>
<p>The lake is a popular spot for largemouth bass fishing. A list of fishing species in the lake include:</p><br>
<p>Crappie</p><br>
<p>Walleye</p><br>
<p>Bluegill</p><br>
<p>Yellow perch</p><br>
<p>Muskellunge</p><br>
<p>Channel catfish</p><br>
<p>Bullhead</p><br>
<p>Carp</p><br>
<p>Trout is stocked in the lake&#39;s tailwaters.</p><br>
<p>The Quequechan River is a river in Fall River, Massachusetts, that flows in a northwesterly direction from the northwest corner of the South Watuppa Pond through the heart of the city of Fall River and into to the end of the Taunton River at Mount Hope Bay at Heritage State Park/Battleship Cove. The word Quequechan means "Falling River" or "Leaping/Falling Waters" in Wampanoag, hence the city&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>The river is 2.7 mi and is mostly placid and stagnant in certain places, until it nears downtown Fall River near City Hall, where a quickly declining grade causes it to turn rapid down the hill into Mount Hope Bay/Taunton River. From 1813, with the establishment of the Fall River Manufactory, the river enabled Fall River to establish itself as a leading textile center during the early 19th century. It originally contained a series of eight small waterfalls in a narrow stream between what is now South Main Street and the tidal Taunton River. During the first half of the 19th century, the "Fall River" was nearly completely covered by textile mills. The upper portion of the river, east of Pleasant Street, was dammed to provide additional water power and storage for the mills.</p><br>
<p>Between 1913 and 1914, the city of Fall River put together the Quequechan River Report published in 1915, to look into the problems the river was presented with. During the hot summer months, the water flowed very low and slowly and the water quality was becoming questionable. Chemical reactions were occurring occasionally on the river&#39;s edge from industrial mill wastes combined with hot water discharge, human wastes and other wastes (a dump was located on the river), causing further sanitary health concerns, and interest in the river in general.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s, Interstate 195 was constructed through the city along the length of the Quequechan River. The portion west of Plymouth Avenue was routed underground through a series of box culverts, while much of the eastern section "mill pond" was filled in for the highway embankment including the start of the Quequechan River being filled in for Exit 2 on Route 24, and portions of Route 24 and 195 built directly on the Quequechan River resulting in a change in the water flow, fish and wildlife over the years. There are plans to construct a bike path on the abandoned railroad that parallels Interstate 195 directly over the Quequechan, expose the falls where they were downtown and improve the quality of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river consists of two distinct parts - a flat upper portion that flows between South Watuppa Pond and Troy Street and a steep, rapid section between Troy Street and the Taunton River near Battleship Cove.</p><br>
<p>The upper, eastern portion of the river was originally a relatively narrow and shallow stream flowing through a flat, wide valley of glacial deposits overlaying a deep granite ridge. Portions of the granite are exposed at the surface near what is today Brayton Avenue and also near Quequechan Street which was home to a Native American encampment on a small peninsula on the sand bar of the northwest corner on the South Watuppa where the Quequechan River begins and along the first mile of the Quequechan River.</p><br>
<p>The steep, western portion of the river between downtown and the waterfront originally consisted of a series of eight small waterfalls confined within a narrow, rocky bed. In the last half-mile (800 m) the total drop is about 132 ft. and the average flow is 122 cubic feet per second (3.5 m³/s).</p><br>
<p>The last 1,000 ft of the 2.5 mile length of the Quequechan River empties out into the end of the Taunton River at the head of Mount Hope Bay at Heritage Park making the total length of the Quequechan River at 2.7 miles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest use of the river for industrial purposes occurred in 1703 when Benjamin Church established a grist mill with a small dam just west of what is now South Main Street. In the years that followed, several other small mills would be established along the "Fall River", including fulling and saw mills. Later on, another grist mill was established to the east of Main Street, with a small dam about two feet high. In 1813, when the Troy Cotton & Woolen Company was established at this same site, the old dam was demolished and replace with a new dam three feet high. In 1826, several mill owners established the Watuppa Reservoir Company and obtained permission to raise the Troy Dam an additional two feet, impounding a much larger area of water stretching all the way to the South Watuppa Pond. This portion of the Quequechan River became known as the "mill pond". The Watuppa Reservoir Company was required to pay damages to the landowners behind the dam whose properties were flooded. The damming also created several small islands within the pond. The original members of the Watuppa Reservoir Company were David Anthony, Nathaniel B. Borden, Oliver Chace and Bradford Durfee.</p><br>
<p>Until 1862, nearly the entire eastern "mill pond" portion of the river was located in what was then part of Rhode Island, as the state line cut diagonally through the area from Mount Hope Bay to North Watuppa Pond. The steep western portion of the river was located entirely within Massachusetts. Prior to the Civil War, the entire eastern portion of the river remained fairly rural.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1840s the water power potential of the "Fall River" had been maximized. In 1849, the Wamsutta Steam Woolen Mill was the first establishment to be erected "above the falls". It was built on what was called Wardrope&#39;s Island. In 1859, the Union Mills was built further upstream along Pleasant Street, on the north bank of the river. These steam mills, and the many others that followed would rely on the river to provide a source of cool water for operation of their steam engines. The mills also used water for various processes involved in the manufacture of textiles. Hot, and used water was later returned directly to the river.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the Civil War, with both sides of the river, and both Watuppa Ponds entirely within Massachusetts, there would be a remarkable expansion of the cotton textile industry within Fall River. Between 1865 and 1869, several new mills were constructed on the river&#39;s north bank, including the Durfee Mills, the Merchants Mill, and the second Union Mill. During this same period, on the south bank of the river, new mills included the Tecumseh, Robeson and the Davol Mills. Then, between 1870 and 1873, an even more remarkable expansion took place within the city. Twenty-two new corporations were formed, building dozens of new mills, many within the Quequechan River valley. Many areas along the river were filled in to create new land for development.</p><br>
<p>The 1870s would also mark the rapid development of the eastern part of the city, which became known as Flint Village. In 1875, the Fall River Railroad was built to provide a rail connection with New Bedford. The railroad passed through the "Narrows" located between the North and South Watuppa Ponds, and over the shallow "mill pond" to Watuppa Station located at Plymouth Avenue.</p><br>
<p>By the 1880s the quality of the water in the Quequechan River became a problem. During periods of low water, the extensive area of "flats" became covered in a putrid muck consisting of industrial and human waste and various other garbage. Mills were often forced to shut down during dry periods for lack of cool, clear water to operate with. The city hired experts and various proposals were made over the years to fix the problem, but no action was taken. Finally, 30 years later after the problems of pollution in 1883 were first recognized and begun to be taken seriously, in 1913 the State Legislature established the Watuppa Ponds and Quequechan River Commission to investigate and finally find a solution to the problems. In 1915, Boston consulting civil engineers Fay, Spofford and Thorndike provided a lengthy report and designs to provide a permanent solution both the quality and quantity of water within the Quequechan River. The consultant&#39;s solution called for a three-compartment conduit with a lower level to carry sanitary sewer flows away from the river and toward Mount Hope Bay, a middle level to provide the mills with cool, clean water, and an upper level to carry hot water from the mills back to South Watuppa Pond for eventual reuse.</p><br>
<h2>Post-industrial period</h2><br>
<p>The Great Fall River Fire of 1928 destroyed the Pocasset Mills and the adjacent Granite Block, which had both been constructed directly over the river to the east of Main Street. For the first time in decades, this portion of the river had been exposed. While the Granite Block was soon rebuilt, the falls of the Pocasset Mills would remain exposed until the 1960s. In 1932, the current Post Office was constructed over the river in the area between the Troy Mills and City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Highway era</h2><br>
<p>After World War II, the Massachusetts and other state governments began planning new highways to link the major cities of the region in order to ease congestion on city streets, promote economic development and for defense purposes. By the early 1950s, construction began on the Fall River Expressway to provide a direct link between Boston and Fall River. Similarly, the coastal cities in Southern New England proposed a "Tri-State" highway linking areas such as New Haven with Providence and Cape Cod. Early plans called for a "high level" bridge to be built across the Taunton River to the north of the Brightman Street Bridge. The highway was to pass through the north end of Fall River and connect directly with Wareham, Massachusetts. However, business leaders in New Bedford and downtown Fall River protested, claiming the highway would allow patrons to by-pass their cities altogether.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1950s with the passing of the landmark Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, the location of the new highway was shifted south and included a high-level bridge across the Taunton River with a route through the center of Fall River through the Narrows and onto New Bedford and Cape Cod. The proposed highway would also require the demolition of the Second Granite Block, old City Hall, the Troy Mills and several other buildings. Much of the highway was constructed within the area of the former "mill pond".</p><br>
<p>The portion of the Quequechan River between Plymouth Avenue and the waterfront was redirected into a series of underground culverts, passing under Interstate 195 to a new gate house located at the corner of Hartwell and Fourth Street. From there, it then flows parallel to the south side of the highway to Pocasset Street, passing under the Fall River Chamber of Commerce property and highway ramps before re-emerging on the uphill side of the former American Printing Company Mill #7 before it passes under the mill. It is also visible on the downhill side of this mill before it flows under the Metacomet Mill. The river then reappears under the Braga Bridge before flowing under the stone arch of Central Street and into Battleship Cove.</p><br>
<p>The river is no longer used for industrial purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In July 2009, the city completed the first phase of a $185 million Combined Sewer Overflow Project, consisting of a 20 ft diameter deep rock tunnel designed to capture wet weather sewer overflows which previously entered the Quequechan River and Mount Hope Bay and divert these flows toward the city&#39;s sewer treatment plant instead. The project is expected to result in a dramatic improvement of the water quality in the river</p><br>
<p>There are also plans being made to improve access to the Quequechan River for recreational purposes, including a proposed bike path along the former railroad right-of-way. Other plans propose to "daylight" the falls, restore or re-create them, and build a green belt with a connection to the waterfront.</p><br>
<p>Westland Mansion was the home of Stephen Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, from his retirement in 1897 until his death in 1908. The house is located in the Historic District of Princeton, New Jersey, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Grover Cleveland Home.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Robert F. Stockton in 1856. The National Park Service describes the original house, patterned after Morven (a nearby 18th-century mansion also owned by Robert Stockton) as a "2-1/2-story, stone structure covered with stucco painted yellow, twin parlors on the first floor, spacious rooms, high ceilings, and handsome marble mantelpieces."</p><br>
<p>Stockton, who hailed from a prominent political family, was a United States Senator and naval commodore, notable for the capture of California during the Mexican-American War. Stockton’s grandfather, Judge Richard Stockton, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The original structure consisted of a three story main residence on roughly 4.5 acres of expansive lawns and fruit orchards. Later, a small wing extending from the rear of the residence was added to house servant&#39;s quarters and stables. The wing extension is now a separate home and is separated by a wall at the back of the house. Westland was originally entered from a stone roadway off of Bayard Lane (now Route 206). Nicely kept paths intersected the broad lawn, which was shaded by an assortment of massive pines. At the rear of the house was an orchard of pear and cherry trees and a dovecote to house pigeons and doves.</p><br>
<p>Purchased by Cleveland after his second term as president in 1896, the former chief executive lived there from 1897 until his death in 1908. Cleveland named it "Westland" in honor of his friend Andrew Fleming West, a humanities professor at Princeton University who assisted Cleveland in securing the purchase of the home. During Cleveland&#39;s occupancy several changes were made to the residence. He added a two story extension to the right side of the home, with the lower floor serving as his billiard room. Cleveland also made some cosmetic changes to the building’s façade in the Italianate style popular at the time.</p><br>
<p>Cleveland enjoyed his retirement at Westland. Although he had never attended college, he accepted a seat on the Board of Trustees of Princeton University, a position he took seriously, chairing a committee to establish a graduate school. He gave a series of four well-attended lectures at the university, which were later published as a book. The students were fond of Cleveland, serenaded him on his birthdays and, after football games, led victory parades to his home. He also took an active part in the life of the town, maintained a brisk correspondence with friends, and kept socially and politically active. His favorite recreations were billiards and meetings of the Poverty Club, composed of a group of his comrades who played cards regularly at Westland. He died at Westland in 1908 and is buried in Princeton Cemetery. Cleveland&#39;s widow, Frances, continued to reside in the house for many years after his death.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Always a privately owned residence, the renovated building currently sits on one and a half acres. The 6,345 square foot three-level house is described as having 6 bedrooms and 5 baths, a formal entry, and dining and living rooms that still contain trim from Cleveland&#39;s time there. The grounds include a formal garden, pool and garage. In 2015, it sold for $4,325,000. It is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site, previously known as the Benjamin Harrison Home, was the home of the Twenty-third President of the United States, Benjamin Harrison. It is in the Old Northside Historic District of Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison had the sixteen-room house with its red brick exterior built in the 1870s. It was from the front porch of the house that Harrison instituted his famous Front Porch Campaign in the 1888 United States Presidential Campaign, often speaking to crowds on the street. In 1896, Harrison renovated the house and added electricity. He died there in a second story bedroom in 1901. Today it is owned by the Arthur Jordan Foundation and operated as a museum to the former president by the Benjamin Harrison Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin Harrison arrived in Indianapolis in 1854 in order to begin a career as a lawyer. In 1867, following his service in the military, he bought a double lot from an auction, on what was then the outskirts of town, on North Delaware Street, just north of present-day I-65. In 1874 construction of a house on the property began, and was completed in 1875, at the cost of $24,818.67 (equal to $ today). The trend for wealthier citizens of Indianapolis to move to the north side of town started with Benjamin Harrison moving his family to 1230 Delaware Street. When built, the property featured many elm and oak trees. Except for the time Benjamin Harrison served as United States Senator from Indiana (1881-1887), and his time as President of the United States (1889-1893), he would live at the home for the rest of his life. Benjamin Harrison would die in the master bedroom of the house on March 13, 1901. While running for president in 1888, Benjamin Harrison would issue campaign speeches to listeners on the street outside his home, in what were called "front-porch speeches". The front porch would not be built until 1896, 3 years after he left the presidency.</p><br>
<p>After Benjamin Harrison&#39;s death, his widow Mary Lord Dimmick Harrison owned the property. In 1939 Mary Lord Harrison sold the house to the Arthur Jordan School of Music (now located at Butler University as the Jordan College of Fine Arts), with the proviso that the house would always serve as a memorial to Benjamin Harrison. The Arthur Jordan School renovated the house, turning the second and third floors into a dormitory for the female students of the school, and making the first floor a museum. The Benjamin Harrison Home became a National Historic Landmark in 1966. In 1974 the Arthur Jordan Foundation once again renovated the house, making it a house museum. The Arthur Jordan Foundation currently leases the house to the 1966-incorporated Benjamin Harrison Foundation, in order for the latter to run a museum inside the house.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Italianate Benjamin Harrison House was built at 1230 Delaware Street from 1874 to 1875, using the plans of architect Herman T. Brandt. The red brick house has sixteen rooms. The bracketed cornices and three-story bay window are indicative of the Italianate architecture style. Interior features include an oak-trimmed walnut staircase, butternut woodwork, and parquet floors. Many renovations took place in 1896, which included electricity and the front porch.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Presently, the house is open for tours throughout the weeks. Ten of the sixteen rooms are open for visitors, all decorated in the Victorian style typical of Benjamin Harrison&#39;s time at the residence. 75% of the 3,700 pieces of memorabilia actually belonged to Benjamin Harrison and his family, and the books in the museum number 2,440. Besides archives regarding Benjamin Harrison, the house also features archives of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The front parlor is set to look as it did when Benjamin Harrison brought his new bride to the house.</p><br>
<p>Makaturing, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is found in the province of Lanao del Sur  in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Makaturing has an elevation of 1,940 m and a base diameter of 29 km. It is part of a string of volcanoes called the Central Mindanao Arc.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>There is still some controversy on the number of times Makaturing erupted. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology lists 10 eruptions with the last one occurring on March 18, 1882. But the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Global Volcanology Program, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions were actually those of neighboring Ragang volcano.</p><br>
<p>Makaturing is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. All are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.</p><br>
<h2>Historical events</h2><br>
<p>On May 18, 1947, Philippine Air Force (PAF) commander Gen. Edwin Andrews died with 16 others when the C-47 transport plane carrying them crashed in Makaturing. Nine years later, the PAF established an air base in Zamboanga City and is now named the Edwin Andrews Air Base from where the Philippine military launches air support operations in the ongoing campaign against separatists.</p><br>
<p>The Woodrow Wilson House was the residence of the Twenty-Eighth President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson after he left office. It is at 2340 S Street NW just off Washington, D.C.&#39;s Embassy Row. On February 3, 1924, Wilson died in an upstairs bedroom. The National Trust for Historic Preservation owns the house and operates it as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Henry Fairbanks in 1915 on a design by prominent masonic Washington architect Waddy Wood. President Woodrow Wilson bought it in the last months of his second term as President of the United States as a gift to his wife, Edith Bolling Wilson. He presented her the deed in December 1920, although he had never seen the house. The former president and his wife moved into the home on Inauguration Day, which in 1921 was March 4 (not the current date of January 20). Wilson made several modifications to the house, including a billiard room, stacks for his library of over 8,000 books, and a one-story brick garage.</p><br>
<p>It was from the balcony of the house that Wilson addressed a crowd on November 11, 1923, as his last public appearance. While the Wilsons had few guests, former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and former French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau did visit the ailing former president there. After Wilson&#39;s death in 1924, Edith Wilson lived there until her death on December 28, 1961. She hosted First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy for a brunch in the formal dining room. Edith bequeathed the property and all of its original furnishings to the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>In the years since President Wilson&#39;s death visitors and staff of this house and several others built by Wood in the DC area have reported seeing or hearing what they believed to be ghosts.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ragang, also called Mount Piapayungan and Blue Mountain by the local people, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is the seventh highest mountain in the Philippines and the highest point in Lanao del Sur.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mount Ragang is located on south of Lanao del Sur in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>Ragang has an elevation of 2,815 m and a base diameter of 32 km.</p><br>
<p>It is the most active volcano on Mindanao, and is part of a string of volcanoes in what volcanologists call the Central Mindanao Arc. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>There is still some confusion on the number of times Ragang has erupted. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology lists eight eruptions, with the last one occurring in July 1916. But the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Global Volcanology Programs, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions attributed to nearby Makaturing were those of Ragang.</p><br>
<p>The Harding Home, in Marion, Ohio, was the residence of Warren G. Harding, twenty-ninth president of the United States. Harding and his future wife, Florence, designed the Queen Anne Style house in 1890, a year before their marriage. They were married there and lived there for 30 years before his election to the presidency.</p><br>
<p>Like James A. Garfield, an earlier USA president from Ohio, Harding conducted his election campaign mainly from the houses expansive front porch. During the 3 month front porch campaign, over 600,000 people traveled to the Harding Home to listen to Warren speak. Harding paid $1,000 to have a Sears Catalog Home built behind his home so newspaper reporters had workspace to type their stories. George Christian (Warrens next door neighbor and Press Secretary) allowed his home to be used as Republican Headquarters for the campaign.</p><br>
<p>The house is surrounded by an expansive, elaborately detailed porch. Entry to the house is through a reception hall, with a parlor on the left. A dining room and Harding&#39;s office are also in the first floor. There are four bedrooms on the second floor and a bathroom. Built-in closets are an unusual feature for the time.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Harding bequeathed the house to the Harding Memorial Association. The Ohio Historical Society now operates the home as a historic house museum and a memorial. The restored house contains almost all original furnishings owned by President Harding and his wife. The adjacent press house features exhibits about the lives of President and Mrs. Harding. The collection at the Harding Home is over 5,000 original artifacts that belonged to Warren and Florence Harding.</p><br>
<p>On April 12, 2016 Harding 2020, a collaboration between Ohio History Connection, the Harding Home, and Marion Technical College, detailed plans to spend $7.3 million at the site to establish the Warren G. Harding Presidential Center. Plans include restoring the home (inside and out) and its grounds to its 1920 appearance. The culmination of the work is to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Harding&#39;s election to the presidency.</p><br>
<p>The Bay Shore Historic District  is a USA historic district  located in Miami, Florida. The district is bounded by Northeast 55th Street, Biscayne Boulevard, Northeast 60th Street and Biscayne Bay, in the Morningside section of the Upper Eastside neighborhood. It contains 223 historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bay Shore Investment Company developed the bay-front tract in three phases from 1922 to 1924. Bay Shore was notable for it level of development before lots were sold. Streets were paved, landscaping and street lighting were in place. The development grew during Miami&#39;s boom years in the 1920s and even during the Depression, but its greatest growth was between 1936 and 1942, until the USA entry into World War II halted nearly all construction in Miami.</p><br>
<p>The district is one of Miami&#39;s most intact historic neighborhoods, and its best remaining example of a planned, boom-era suburb.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The district is residential, with 156 residences and 67 outbuildings contributing to its historic character. All are one or two story masonry buildings, in a wide variety of earth 20th century styles, including Mediterranean Revival, Art Deco, Colonial Revival, Mission, and Masonry Vernacular. All of the contributing buildings were constructed between 1922 and 1942. To protect the character of the neighborhood, the City of Miami designated Bay Shore a local historic district in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Miami Beach Architectural District  is a USA historic district  located in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida. The area was well known as the district where Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace resided, in a mansion on Ocean Drive. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Sixth Street to the south, Alton Road to the west, the Collins Canal and Dade Boulevard to the north. It contains 960 historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, it was listed in A Guide to Florida&#39;s Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.</p><br>
<h2>Notable architects</h2><br>
<p>Albert Anis</p><br>
<p>Lester Avery</p><br>
<p>L. Murray Dixon</p><br>
<p>Charles R. Greco</p><br>
<p>Henry Hohauser</p><br>
<p>The Hampton Terrace Historic District, originally called the Lakewood Manor Subdivision, is a USA historic district located in Tampa, Florida. The district is roughly bounded by Hanna Avenue to the north, 15th Street to the east, Nebraska Avenue to the west, and Hillsborough Avenue to the south. Hampton Terrace Historic District was so designated by its inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Hampton Terrace district encompasses 1,150 acre, and the neighborhood&#39;s boundaries are Hannah Ave, 15th St, Hillsborough Ave, and Nebraska, and also includes a small body of water called Lake Roberta, one of a few natural lakes found within the Tampa city limits. It contains 304 contributing structures, all of which are private residences. The structures are considered historically significant examples of residential styles like the bungalow, and architectural influences including American Craftsman Style.</p><br>
<p>Hampton Terrace is commonly considered part of the city&#39;s Old Seminole Heights neighborhood, and is one of several distinct neighborhoods within the greater Seminole Heights section of Tampa.</p><br>
<p>The Grandview Heights Historic District  is a USA historic district  located in West Palm Beach, Florida. The district is bounded by Park Place, Alabama Avenue, M Street, and Lake Avenue.</p><br>
<p>One of the citys oldest neighborhoods still intact, Grandview Heights was built as an extension of Palm Beach Heights from around 1910 to 1925. The neighborhood has one of the citys best collection of early craftsman-style bungalows, as well as some modest, Mediterranean revival-style homes. Grandview Heights first residents were ministers, downtown shopkeepers, and the craftsmen who built the luxury hotels of Palm Beach. Despite having modest elevation, it contained the highest elevation to the south to Cuba, and at the time provided views of Lake Worth Lagoon over Woodlawn Cemetery and Pioneer Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>After a period of urban decline in the 1980s, almost all of Palm Beach Heights and portions of Grandview Heights were demolished in 1989 to make way for the proposed Downtown/Uptown urban revitalization project. This land, immediately north of the neighborhood, later became CityPlace, a New Urbanist mixed-use shopping and dining district.</p><br>
<p>Grandview Heights neighborhood has been restored to a mixed-use, walkable neighborhood with a mix of mostly single family homes, modern townhomes, and apartments. Also located in the neighborhood are two historic churches, several bed and breakfasts, and small local businesses.</p><br>
<p>The west end of the neighborhood is Howard Park, the largest urban park in West Palm Beach. Howard Park contains the historic Stub Canal Turning Basin, originally used for unloading crops grown to the west, including the central portions of the state near Lake Okeechobee, for shipment to the North. At the time, the land just across the canal from the park remained undeveloped marshlands, and was used for hunting. During the land-boom era, Howard Park was used as camp for settlers, including tent-sites, running water, and out-houses provided by the city. This camp was later converted to a Boy Scout camp, and is the location of the present-day dog park. Some tourists and settlers would alternatively rent apartments located over garages in the neighborhood, providing additional income to residents. The historic Art Deco style Armory building was built in 1939 with WPA funds for use by the National Guard. It currently houses the, which includes an art school and galleries.</p><br>
<p>Immediately east of the neighborhood is the historic Woodlawn Cemetery, the South Dixie shopping district, and the Norton Museum of Art.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Grandview Heights Historic District contains 268 historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Midžor  or Midzhur  is a peak in the Balkan Mountains, situated on the border between Serbia and Bulgaria. At 2,169 m, it is the highest peak of the Western Balkan Mountains, as well as the highest of Serbia outside Kosovo. Midžor is the 12th highest peak in the Balkan Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Bulgaria</h2><br>
<p>In Bulgaria, the peak is called Midzhur.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 1990s, it has been accessible to tourists from both sides; previously, access was forbidden due to the peak being in the border area. Due to those restrictions, the nature around the peak has been preserved untouched. On the Bulgarian side, the peak is reachable from the villages of Chuprene and Gorni Lom in Vidin Province.</p><br>
<h3>Chuprene</h3><br>
<p>From Chuprene there are two possibilities for climbing. There is a 17 km dirt road following the river Chprenska to the Gorski Ray refuge (1,450 m) or a 9 km foot track following the river Manastirska.</p><br>
<p>From the refuge there is a marked track which passes through the Chuprene biosphere reserve and leads to the main summit on a saddle between the peaks Replyanska Tsarkva (1,969 m) and Ostra Chuka (1967 m). To the south east through the peaks Ostra Chuka and Oba (2,033 m) the track reaches a saddle from where the Lom River and the Timok flow out at border stone 336. From there the peak can be climbed from the north-western slope.</p><br>
<h3>Gorni Lom</h3><br>
<p>At 7 km from the village of Gorni Lom is located the Gorni Lom refuge (840 m). There is also another refuge upstream called Mudzhur. There are steep tracks from there leading to the saddle between Oba and the peak at border stone 336 from where the both tracks from the two villages merge.</p><br>
<h3>Economy</h3><br>
<p>The source of the Lom River is at the foot of the peak. A cascade of small hydroelectric power plants is in operation on the river near the peak and four more are under construction. Chuprene biosphere reserve which is under the protection of UNESCO is situated to the west of the peak. It is one of the last sanctuaries in Bulgaria where the Capercaillie nests.</p><br>
<p>A special permission from a border police office (such as the ones in Sofia, Dragoman, Chiprovtsi, etc.) is required in order to ascend to the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Serbia</h2><br>
<p>In Serbia the peak is known as Midžor.</p><br>
<p>The extreme peak of the western mountain is north of the village of Topli Dol, located in the centre of Serbian Stara Planina, between Tri Čuke (1936 m) on the SE side and Babin Zub (1758 m) on the SW side. The massif of the Midžor peak is substantial. Its western, eastern, and southern slopes are grassy and not so steep, while its northern side is rocky and very steep. This side is also the most attractive and very popular among rock climbers.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest peak in Serbia outside of Kosovo, and the 24th highest in the whole of Serbia if Kosovo is included.</p><br>
<p>There is a hotel called "Babin Zub" on the slopes. There are no fees or permits needed to enter the Serbian Stara Planina.</p><br>
<p>The Sylvanus Wade House is a former stagecoach inn located in Greenbush, Wisconsin, United States. It provided lodging and meals to travelers in the early statehood era in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>In 1844, Sylvanus Wade moved his family to the Greenbush area, where he purchased several hundred acres of land with the intent of building a town. The first dwelling they built was a log home that was repeatedly enlarged as the family grew and the number of visitors increased.</p><br>
<p>A three-story wooden Greek Revival house was built between 1848 and 1851. It quickly gained attention for its large size and stylish appearance.</p><br>
<p>Wade began advertising his "Half Way House" in Sheboygan in 1849.</p><br>
<p>This, coupled with the inns location halfway between the larger cities of Fond du Lac and Sheboygan, Wisconsin on the Fond du Lac-Sheboygan Plank Road, made it a popular stopover for travelers during the 1850s and 1860s. However, when travel by horse and stagecoach became obsolete and the railroad between Sheboygan and Fond du Lac went through Glenbeulah to the north, the houses full-time use as an inn was discontinued. Ironically, a railroad directors election meeting was held at the house in 1854.</p><br>
<h2>Post-railroad era</h2><br>
<p>The family continued to host personal guests at the house in the following decades, and hosted events such as business meetings, socials, wedding anniversaries, and showers. By 1917 the house was being referred to as the historic old "Wade House".</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by Hollis Wade until his death in 1921, at which time ownership passed to his son William. A domestic argument at the house in 1927 ended with William accidentally shooting his son-in-law, Fred Limberg, in the leg.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 an effort was made to turn the Wade House into a going business, with advertising noting its availability for private events and dinners.</p><br>
<p>Ownership of the house passed out of the family in 1941 when it was sold to Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Dorst of Freeport, Illinois, with the new owners announcing their intent to restore it to 1850&#39;s condition. Martin Dorst was a native of nearby Plymouth. and Mary Dorst was a friend of the Wades from childhood. William Wade died in 1943 at the age of 71.</p><br>
<p>Frequent mention of the house in the society columns in the Sheboygan press throughout the 1940s indicates that it continued to be a popular destination. Even as late as June 1950 rooms were being rented out. The Methodist church of Greenbush used the Wade House for church services for a two-year period from 1944 to 1946.</p><br>
<p>Attempts to operate a business were made in 1949 when Mrs. Martin Dorst&#39;s son, Clare Dorst, announced that he would be operating a restaurant in the house.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The first mention of selling the property to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin was in April 1948 when Mrs. Martin Dorst offered it to the society. In December 1949 she announced that she was putting the house up for sale to any buyer because of the large expense that would be required to meet modern health codes for restaurants. In February 1950, the state conservation commission proposed purchasing the house to use as an office and visitors&#39; center for the Kettle Moraine State Forest.</p><br>
<p>The sale of the house did not occur until July 1950 when it was purchased, along with all furnishings, by the Kohler Foundation for $17,000 with the intention of donating it to the historical society after the restoration work was completed.</p><br>
<p>From 1950 to 1953, the Wade House was restored to its Civil War–era appearance by the Kohler Foundation with the effort spearhead by Ruth Miriam DeYoung-Kohler, wife of Herbert Kohler. Mrs. Kohler intended the restoration as a memorial to her husband&#39;s sister, Marie Christine Kohler, who had become interested it the Wade house before her death in 1943. Ruth Kohler died on March 7, 1953 at the age of 46 and was not able to witness the turning over of the house to the state three months later.</p><br>
<p>The historic building was deeded to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (now Wisconsin Historical Society) in 1953 in a ceremony that featured poet and Lincoln biographer Carl Sandburg.</p><br>
<h2>Modern historic site</h2><br>
<p>Today the inn, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is part of the Wade House Historic Site, a historical museum operated by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The site includes two other buildings on the National Register, the Charles Robinson House and the Robinson-Herrling Sawmill. The historical society also operates the Wesley Jung Carriage Museum at the site, exhibiting a large collection of 19th-century American horse-drawn vehicles.</p><br>
<p>The house was located on the main line Wisconsin Highway 23 until the highway was rerouted to bypass north of Greenbush in the mid-1980s. The Wade house was formerly a part of the Wisconsin state park system as the Old Wade House State Park, before coming under the direct purview of the Wisconsin Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Lincolnville Historic District is an area of the city of St. Augustine, Florida established by freedmen following the American Civil War and located on the southwest peninsula of the "nation&#39;s oldest city." It was designated as an historic district in 1991 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally recorded with 548 contributing buildings, the district is bounded by Cedar, Riberia, Cerro and Washington streets and DeSoto Place.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, numerous African Americans moved from this district to newer housing in suburbs, following the postwar pattern of settlement. In the 1990s, the city of St. Augustine engaged in extensive demolitions in Lincolnville. The number of surviving historic buildings was markedly reduced. Since the turn of the 21st century, the city has sought more demolitions to enable redevelopment of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The community was established after the American Civil War in 1866. Freedmen (and women) Peter Sanks, Matilda Papy, Harriet Weedman, Miles Hancock, Israel McKenzie, Aaron DuPont and Tom Solana leased land for $1.00 a year on what was then the west bank of Maria Sanchez Creek, across from the developed part of St. Augustine. The rest of the peninsula was developed as two large orange grove plantations: the Dumas plantation "Yalaha" (Seminole word for orange) at the northern end and "Buena Esperanza" (Spanish for "Good Hope") at the south.</p><br>
<p>The freedmen originally called their settlement Africa, or Little Africa. After streets were laid out in 1878, it came to be known as Lincolnville (in the 1860s the northwest corner of modern Lincolnville was a 5 acre orange grove owned by Abraham Lincoln&#39;s private secretary, John Hay. He later served as Secretary of State under Theodore Roosevelt). Over the decades the settlement was expanded from this northeast area, around present-day Washington, Oneida, Dumas, St. Francis, St. Benedict and DeHaven streets, and businessmen developed the entire peninsula. It was characterized by narrow streets, small lots, and houses built close to the street line, similar to the colonial St. Augustine style and land-use pattern.</p><br>
<p>When Standard Oil magnate Henry Flagler came to St. Augustine in the 1880s, he redeveloped the city to serve as a "Winter Newport," a resort for the wealthy. His changes also affected Lincolnville. He filled in the northern reaches of Maria Sanchez Creek to create high ground for development (the landfill included dirt with archeological remains excavated from the site of Fort Mose). His Standard Oil partner William Warden dredged the southern part of the creek to create what is now Maria Sanchez Lake. This expanded the eastern boundary of Lincolnville to the Ponce de Leon Barracks at 172-180 Cordova Street. The Barracks is now considered one of the historic districts major buildings. During the late 19th and early 20th century, it housed African-American servants and others who worked at Flaglers hotels in the city.</p><br>
<p>Some of the African-American waiters from the hotels formed the first professional black baseball team in the United States. When they played locally, they were known as the Ponce de Leon Giants; when they played in the North, they were known as the Cuban Giants. One member of the team, Frank Grant, was later elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Jacksonville native and nationally known writer James Weldon Johnson wrote about the baseball team in his 1933 autobiography Along This Way.</p><br>
<p>In the 1940s the Flagler estate converted the Barracks to the Lakeside Apartments and restricted tenants to whites only, under state racial segregation laws in effect since the turn of the century. In the 21st century, the building was renovated and redeveloped for condominium sales. Marketing did not include this history.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-20th century Civil Rights era, Lincolnville was the base of activists who worked for the end of racial segregation in schools and public facilities in St. Augustine. (See St. Augustine movement.) Subject to rising Ku Klux Klan violence, in 1964 local activists appealed for help to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and activists from other parts of the country came to join local activists in non-violent protests. Hundreds were arrested and filled the jails; their struggle brought national attention to the issues and aided Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition and redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>After the end of legal segregation, some African Americans began to move to other areas of newer, suburban housing, joining the major postwar trend in the United States. Employment and population in this area have declined, but the city wanted to recognize the rich history and architectural resources. In 1991 the Lincolnville Historic District was documented and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Bounded by Cedar, Riberia, Cerro and Washington streets and DeSoto Place, it contained 548 historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, migration to Florida from other parts of the country increased. The city of St. Augustine supported demolition of deteriorating buildings in order to redevelop some of the Lincolnville area for new housing and uses, and numerous historic buildings were taken down. In the 21st century, redevelopment pressure has continued, as new development is yielding higher rates of profit.</p><br>
<p>The Strawn Historic Citrus Packing House District  is a USA historic district  located at 5707 Lake Winona Road in DeLeon Springs, Florida in Volusia County. It contains 12 historic buildings and 3 structures. The packing house is in a state of abandoned decay and has not been operation since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 20 acre site is situated off of USA Route 17 between Lake Winona Road and Ridgewood Avenue. It is bordered by the CSX railroad line on the southwest. It consists of a packing house with a distinctive saw tooth roof. Behind this building stands a barn, blacksmith shop, machinery house, a steam and dynamo building and 10 other structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Theodore Strawn, a native of Illinois, settled in West Volusia County and started an orange packing operation in 1882. In 1921, the original packing house burned and a metal structure with an iconic sawtooth roof was constructed to replace it. The walls were built from stamped copper alloy steel panels, and designed to be fireproof.</p><br>
<p>The packing house was closed down after a destructive freeze on Christmas 1983. That year, the orange trees were killed down to the stump, according to John Strawn, the grandson of Theodore Strawn, the site&#39;s founder.</p><br>
<p>The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, along with a sawmill and some additional Strawn agricultural buildings about a mile away.</p><br>
<p>The site has been heavily vandalized and looted over the years since it closed, in spite of no trespassing signs and a fence around the facility.</p><br>
<p>The site, even in its dilapidated condition, is of significant historical importance, as it depicts the early development of the citrus industry in Florida. It has been on The Florida Trust for Historic Preservations list of Floridas Eleven Most Endangered Historic Sites since 2007. It is listed as endangered by the Volusia County Historic Preservation Board.</p><br>
<p>Hyco Lake is a reservoir in Person and Caswell counties, North Carolina. It is the areas main destination for fishing, boating, water skiing, wake boarding, and recreation and is the larger of Person Countys two lakes, the other being Mayo Lake. The lake was formed from the Hyco River and has three main tributaries; North Hyco Creek, South Hyco Creek, and Cobb&#39;s Creek. Interest in the lake for vacation homes has created numerous homes along its shores with relatively high property values. Over 1500 homes have been constructed around the lake with approximately 800 occupied year-round. It runs through the following municipalities: Semora, Leasburg, and the city of Roxboro located about ten miles  from the lake.</p><br>
<p>Hyco Lake was constructed in the early 1960s by Carolina Power and Light Company (now Duke Energy Progress) as a cooling reservoir for their power generating plant. Since its establishment, the lake and its recreation park have been under the jurisdiction of the Person-Caswell Lake Authority. The water is regulated by the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Duke Energy Progress owns the land surrounding the lake up to the 420 ft above-sea-level mark. The lake covers 3,750 acre, containing about 25 e9USgal of water, with 120 mi of shoreline. Hurricane Hilda elevated Hyco Lake&#39;s water level.</p><br>
<p>The name Hyco is derived from "Hicotaminy" which is what the native Indians called the area due to the number of turkey buzzards which were and still are in the area. Hicotaminy means "great turkey buzzard".</p><br>
<p>Gamzigrad  is an archaeological site, spa resort and UNESCO World Heritage Site of Serbia, located south of the Danube river, near the city of Zaječar. It is the location of the ancient Roman complex of palaces and temples Felix Romuliana, built by Emperor Galerius in Dacia Ripensis. The main area covers 10 acre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the vicinity of Gamzigrad lie the ruins of a huge Roman complex called Felix Romuliana, one of the most important late Roman sites in Europe. Early explorers believed the ancient ruins to have been a Roman military camp, because of their size and numerous towers. Systematic archaeological excavations conducted since 1953 revealed that the site was, in fact, an Imperial palace. It was conceived and built by one of the Tetrarchs, Emperor Galerius, the adopted son and son-in-law of the great Emperor Diocletian. Galerius started construction in 298 (after a victory over the Persians that brought him admiration and glory) to mark the place of his birth. The name Felix Romuliana was given in memory of his mother Romula, who was also a priestess of a pagan cult. The complex of temples and palaces served three main purposes - a place of worship of his mother’s divine personality, a monument to his deeds as emperor, and a luxurious villa for Galerius. Romuliana survived until it was plundered by the Huns in the mid 5th century. Later the site became a humble settlement of farmers and craftsmen, finally to be abandoned at the beginning of the 7th century with the arrival of the Slavs.</p><br>
<p>The structures were first evaluated in 1835 by Baron von Herder, a Saxon mine entrepreneur, in the "Bergmänische Reise in Serbie im Jahre 1835". Later the German mineralogist August Breithaupt also wrote an article about the constructions. The Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer and archaeologist Felix Philipp Kanitz (who has earned great respect in Serbia and Bulgaria through his works on the South Slavs) was especially interested in Gamzigrad and visited the ruins on two occasions, in 1860 and in 1864 when he drew the then condition of the ramparts and towers, included in his works on Serbia, printed in Vienna and Leipzig.</p><br>
<p>“Gamzigrad is one of the most magnificent monuments of the past...”...“one of the largest and best preserved monuments of Roman architecture in Europe”</p><br>
<p>-F. Kanitz</p><br>
<p>The enthusiasm for Gamzigrad disappeared by the end of the 19th century. The real history of the complex was yet to be researched. The interest was revived in the 1950s during the period of "Neo-romanticism of Serbian archaeology". Vekoslav Popovic, Director of the Town Museum of Zajecar initiated the systematic archaeological research in 1953.</p><br>
<p>The academic professor Dr. Dragoslav Srejovic was in charge of the research in 1970, he is the one regarded as positioning the monument among world archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The complex was demystified in 1984, when in the south-west an archivolt with the inscription of was discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The construction started in 298 AD near the birthplace of Galerius, the site was named "Felix Romuliana" after his mother, Romula. Galerius was of Thracian and Dacian stock, descendant of tribes ruling parts of the Balkans prior to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations on the site have unearthed the remains of a Roman compound with 2 temples, 2 palaces and a building with corridor including exceptionally fine mosaics depicting Greek gods Dionysos and Medusa, figural capitals of Hercules, baths and impressive gates. Several valuable hoards of Roman gold coins have been unearthed at the site, which continues to yield important Roman treasures and artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Pilasters of Emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, Licinius, Maximinus and Constantine are among spectacular finds. In the two mausolea on the Magura hill Romula and the founder Galerius were buried and deified.</p><br>
<p>Among the most important finds from the site are portraits of Roman emperors made from the Egyptian purple stone called porphyry and coins that help to accurately date the complex. A sculpture of Diana, the goddess of hunt, was unearthed in July 2010 by German and Serbian archeology teams, experts said that horse and a rider is missing which symbolizes victory over the Barbarians.</p><br>
<p>Alongside the Latin inscriptions throughout the complex, several Greek inscriptions are found.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern part was renovated; basilicas were built, during the rule of Emperor Justinian</p><br>
<h3>Northern part</h3><br>
<h4>Northern Temple</h4><br>
<p>The temple is of the tetrastile prostilos type, similar to the Jupiter temple at Diocletian Palace in Split, built in 305 AD. The remains include a high podium, cross-shaped crypt, stairway and sacrificial altar. It was dedicated to goddess Libera</p><br>
<p>The architrave, doorposts, podium and pillars were made of green sandstone, frieze of white limestone while the figural capitals were made of marble.</p><br>
<h4>Palace 1</h4><br>
<p>The palace consists of an octagonal premise, three peristiles and a smaller bathroom. The vestibulum (accessory hall) is preserved with marble plate and pillars of green serpent brecha and red granite. The floor of the vestibulum is completely covered by a mosaic carpet with a labyrinth in its center and geometric motives.</p><br>
<p>The central hall (possible throne) is ornamented with geometrics and picturesque hunting scenes.</p><br>
<p>The triclinum is ornamented with precious colorful stone tiles (opus sectile) and the entrance is ornamented with a luxurious mosaic with the image of the Greek god Dionysus. Parts of a sculpture of Galerius depicted as Pantocrator (ruler of Universe) have been found throughout the buildings, a left hand holding a globe of red porphyry was found in the triclinum, the head was found in the south-east of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The Palace walls are covered with marble, green porphyry and frescoes. The marble sculptures depicting the Greek gods are made according to 5th and 4th century BC sculptural art.</p><br>
<p>The capitals of the pillars of the peristiles in the atrium with a fountain were made of white marble taken from the Greek island of Proconos. The walls of a polygonal room had the plates made of green porphyry from Peloponnesus.</p><br>
<h4>Palace Two</h4><br>
<p>The second palace and a building with a corridor has only been partially researched.</p><br>
<p>A rectangular peristile in the center is surrounded by premises of different sizes and functions.</p><br>
<h3>Grand Temple</h3><br>
<p>The Grand Temple dominates the south of the compound. The podium in the temple and the basis of a large stairway are well preserved while the walls of the cella are only partly preserved. The remains of an altar with a narrow stairway were found in front of the temple. There is a double crypt in the podium of the temple: a wall directed towards east and west divides the crypt into two rooms with the rectangular basis. A very narrow stairway starting from the southeastern corner of the cella led to the crypt. The cella is rectangular with the antas forming a shallow vestibule.</p><br>
<p>The walls and floor of the cella have the layer of marble plates. According to the fragments of architectonic elements, we can assume that the temple had two colonnades of columns: a higher one with the Corinthian columns and a lower one with the Ionian columns. In the very vicinity of the temple a great number of fragments of sculptures was found – they were made of white marble, the most important of which were the heads of Jupiter and Hercules (Photos 20 & 21) according to which the purpose of the temple could be defined. The founder Tetrarchius, Diocletian identified himself with Jupiter while his adopted son and co-ruler Galerius on entering the divine Jupiter family took Hercules for his patron. That’s how the tradition for the rulers to be named after Jupiter and Hercules was established as well as to celebrate the annual holiday in their honor (Ioni et Herculi) on the day when the augusti identified themselves with Jupiter and caesari with Hercules – the day which became their common and genuine birthday (geminus natalis). It is certain that the temple dominating Romuliana was dedicated to those Gods, i.e. to the cult of the rulers identified with them. It is, above all, Galerius himself who was honored as Divus Galerius after death and apotheosis.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and tourism</h2><br>
<p>During the 31st Session of the Unesco World Heritage Committee in Christchurch, New Zealand from the 23rd of June to the second of July 2007, The World Heritage Committee decided to place Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius on the World Heritage List.</p><br>
<p>Felix Romuliana is a popular tourist stop on the Roman Emperors&#39; trail which links the birthplaces of over 17 Roman Emperors born on the territory of modern Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Roman Emperors</h2><br>
<p>Three Roman Emperors were born in this municipality (modern Zaječar, Serbia)</p><br>
<p>Galerius ruled 293-311</p><br>
<p>Maximinus ruled 305-312</p><br>
<p>Licinius ruled 308-324</p><br>
<h2>Spa resort</h2><br>
<p>A modern-day spa resort, Gamzigradska Banja, is located nearby with a "special rehabilitation hospital".</p><br>
<p>Felix Romuliana.jpgThe gate area</p><br>
<p>Gamzigrad.jpgMosaic of Greek god Dionysus</p><br>
<p>Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana (by Pudelek) 5 - East Gate.JPGRuins of East Gate</p><br>
<p>Romuliana Galerius head.jpgHead of Galerius, found on the site</p><br>
<p>Plan Gamzigrad-Romuliana, palais de Galère.svgPlan</p><br>
<p>Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius-122720.jpgDetail of mosaic</p><br>
<p>The Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research is a neutrino and gravitational waves laboratory located underground in the Mozumi Mine of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. near the Kamioka section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. A set of groundbreaking neutrino experiments have taken place at the observatory over the past two decades. All of the experiments have been very large and have contributed substantially to the advancement of particle physics, in particular to the study of neutrino astronomy and neutrino oscillation.</p><br>
<h2>The mine</h2><br>
<p>The Mozumi mine is one of two adjacent mines owned by the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. (a subsidiary of the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. ).</p><br>
<p>Although mining operations have ceased, the smelting plant continues to process zinc, lead and silver from other mines and recycling.</p><br>
<p>While current experiments are all located in the northern Mozumi mine, the Tochibora mine 10 km south is also available. It is not quite as deep, but has stronger rock and is the planned site for the very large Hyper-Kamiokande caverns.</p><br>
<h2>Past experiments</h2><br>
<h3>KamiokaNDE</h3><br>
<p>The first of the Kamioka experiments was named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment. It was a large water Čerenkov detector designed to search for proton decay. To observe the decay of a particle with a lifetime as long as a proton an experiment must run for a long time and observe an enormous number of protons. This can be done most cost effectively if the target (the source of the protons) and the detector itself are made of the same material. Water is an ideal candidate because it is inexpensive, easy to purify, stable, and can detect relativistic charged particles through their production of Čerenkov radiation. A proton decay detector must be buried deep underground or in a mountain because the background from cosmic ray muons in such a large detector located on the surface of the Earth would be far too large. The muon rate in the KamiokaNDE experiment was about 0.4 events per second, roughly five orders of magnitude smaller than what it would have been if the detector had been located at the surface.</p><br>
<p>The distinct pattern produced by Čerenkov radiation allows for particle identification, an important tool both understanding the potential proton decay signal and for rejecting backgrounds. The ID is possible because the sharpness of the edge of the ring depends on the particle producing the radiation. Electrons (and therefore also gamma rays) produce fuzzy rings due to the multiple scattering of the low mass electrons. Minimum ionizing muons, in contrast produce very sharp rings as their heavier mass allows them to propagate directly.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Kamioka Underground Observatory (the predecessor of the present Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo) began in 1982 and was completed in April, 1983. The detector was a cylindrical tank which contained 3,000 tons of pure water and had about 1,000 50 cm diameter photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) attached to the inner surface. The size of the outer detector was 16.0 m in height and 15.6 m in diameter. The detector failed to observe proton decay, but set what was then the world&#39;s best limit on the lifetime of the proton.</p><br>
<h3>Kamiokande-II</h3><br>
<p>The Kamiokande-II experiment was a major step forward from KamiokaNDE, and made a significant number of important observations.</p><br>
<h4>Solar Neutrinos</h4><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Hans Bethe and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker had hypothesized that the source of the suns energy was fusion reactions in its core. While this hypothesis was widely accepted for decades there was no way of observing the suns core and directly testing the hypothesis. Ray Davis&#39;s Homestake Experiment was the first to detect solar neutrinos, strong evidence that the nuclear theory of the sun was correct. Over a period of decades the Davis experiment consistently observed only about 1/3 the number of neutrinos predicted by the Standard Solar Models of his colleague and close friend John Bahcall. Because of the great technical difficulty of the experiment and its reliance on radiochemical techniques rather than real time direct detection many physicists were suspicious of his result.</p><br>
<p>It was realized that a large water Čerenkov detector could be an ideal neutrino detector, for several reasons. First, the enormous volume possible in a water Čerenkov detector can overcome the problem of the very small cross section of the 5-15 MeV solar neutrinos. Second, water Čerenkov detectors offer real time event detection. This meant that Individual neutrino-electron interaction candidate events could be studied on an event-by-event basis, starkly different from the month-to-month observation required in radiochemical experiments. Third, in the neutrino-electron scattering interaction the electron recoils in roughly the direction that the neutrino was travelling (similar to the motion of billiard balls), so the electrons "point back" to the sun. Fourth, neutrino-electron scattering is an elastic process, so the energy distribution of the neutrinos can be studied, further testing the solar model. Fifth, the characteristic "ring" produced by Čerenkov radiation allows discrimination of the signal against backgrounds. Finally, since a water Čerenkov experiment would use a different target, interaction process, detector technology, and location it would be a very complementary test of Davis&#39;s results.</p><br>
<p>It was clear that KamiokaNDE could be used to perform a fantastic and novel experiment, but a serious problem needed to be overcome first. The presence of radioactive backgrounds in KamiokaNDE meant that the detector had an energy threshold of tens of MeV. The signals produced by proton decay and atmospheric neutrino interactions are considerably larger than this, so the original KamiokaNDE detector had not needed to be particularly aggressive about its energy threshold or resolution. The problem was attacked in two ways. The participants of the KamiokaNDE experiment designed and built new purification systems for the water to reduce the radon background, and instead of constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water they kept the water in the tank allowing the radon to decay away. A group from the University of Pennsylvania joined the collaboration and supplied new electronics with greatly superior timing capabilities. The extra information provided by the electronics further improved the ability to distinguish the neutrino signal from radioactive backgrounds. One further improvement was the expansion of the cavity, and the installation of an instrumented "outer detector". The extra water provided shielding from gamma rays from the surrounding rock, and the outer detector provided a veto for cosmic ray muons.</p><br>
<p>With the upgrades completed the experiment was renamed Kamiokande-II, and started data taking in 1985. The experiment spent several years fighting the radon problem, and started taking "production data" in 1987. Once 450 days of data had been accumulated the experiment was able to see a clear enhancement in the number of events which pointed away from sun over random directions. The directional information was the smoking gun signature of solar neutrinos, demonstrating directly for the first time that the sun is a source of neutrinos. The experiment continued to take data for many years and eventually found the solar neutrino flux to be about 1/2 that predicted by solar models. This was in conflict with both the solar models and Davis&#39;s experiment, which was ongoing at the time and continued to observe only 1/3 of the predicted signal. This conflict between the flux predicted by solar theory and the radiochemical and water Čerenkov detectors became known as the solar neutrino problem.</p><br>
<h4>Atmospheric neutrinos</h4><br>
<p>The flux of atmospheric neutrinos is considerably smaller than that of the solar neutrinos, but because the reaction cross sections increase with energy they are detectable in a detector of Kamiokande-II&#39;s size. The experiment used a "ratio of ratios" to compare the ratio of electron to muon flavor neutrinos to the ratio predicted by theory (this technique is used because many systematic errors cancel each other out). This ratio indicated a deficit of muon neutrinos, but the detector was not large enough to obtain the statistics necessary to call the result a discovery. This result came to be known as the atmospheric neutrino deficit.</p><br>
<h4>Supernova 1987A</h4><br>
<p>The Kamiokande-II experiment happened to be running at a particularly fortuitous time, as a supernova took place while the detector was online and taking data. With the upgrades that had taken place the detector was sensitive enough to observe the thermal neutrinos produced by Supernova 1987A, which took place roughly 160,000 light years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The neutrinos arrived at Earth in February 1987, and the Kamiokande-II detector observed 11 events.</p><br>
<h4>Nucleon decay</h4><br>
<p>Kamiokande-II continued KamiokaNDE&#39;s search for proton decay and again failed to observe it. The experiment once again set a lower-bound on the half-life of the proton.</p><br>
<h4>Nobel Prize</h4><br>
<p>For his work directing the Kamioka experiments, and in particular for the first-ever detection of astrophysical neutrinos Masatoshi Koshiba was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. Raymond Davis Jr. and Riccardo Giacconi were co-winners of the prize.</p><br>
<h3>K2K</h3><br>
<p>The KEK To Kamioka experiment used accelerator neutrinos to verify the oscillations observed in the atmospheric neutrino signal with a well controlled and understood beam. A neutrino beam was directed from the KEK accelerator to Super Kamiokande. The experiment found oscillation parameters which were consistent with those measured by Super-K.</p><br>
<h2>Current experiments</h2><br>
<h3>Super Kamiokande</h3><br>
<p>By the 1990s particle physicists were starting to suspect that the solar neutrino problem and atmospheric neutrino deficit had something to do with neutrino oscillation. The Super Kamiokande detector was designed to test the oscillation hypothesis for both solar and atmospheric neutrinos. The Super-Kamiokande detector is massive, even by particle physics standards. It consists of 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by about 11,200 photomultiplier tubes. The detector was again designed as a cylindrical structure, this time 41.4 m tall and 39.3 m across. The detector was surrounded with a considerably more sophisticated outer detector which could not only act as a veto for cosmic muons but actually help in their reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Super-Kamiokande started data taking in 1996 and has made several important measurements. These include precision measurement of the solar neutrino flux using the elastic scattering interaction, the first very strong evidence for atmospheric neutrino oscillation, and a considerably more stringent limit on proton decay.</p><br>
<h4>Super Kamiokande-II</h4><br>
<p>On November 12, 2001, several thousand photomultiplier tubes in the Super-Kamiokande detector imploded, apparently in a chain reaction as the shock wave from the concussion of each imploding tube cracked its neighbours. The detector was partially restored by redistributing the photomultiplier tubes which did not implode, and by adding protective acrylic shells that it was hoped would prevent another chain reaction from recurring. The data taken after the implosion is referred to as the Super Kamiokande-II data.</p><br>
<h4>Super Kamiokande-III</h4><br>
<p>In July 2005, preparation began to restore the detector to its original form by reinstalling about 6,000 new PMTs. It was finished in June 2006. Data taken with the newly restored machine will be called the SuperKamiokande-III dataset.</p><br>
<h3>KamLAND</h3><br>
<p>The KamLAND experiment is a liquid scintillator detector designed to detect reactor antineutrinos. KamLAND is a complementary experiment to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory because while the SNO experiment has good sensitivity to the solar mixing angle but poor sensitivity to the squared mass difference, KamLAND has very good sensitivity to the squared mass difference with poor sensitivity to the mixing angle. The data from the two experiments may be combined as long as CPT is a valid symmetry of our universe. The KamLAND experiment is located in the original KamiokaNDE cavity.</p><br>
<h3>Tokai To Kamioka (T2K)</h3><br>
<p>The "Tokai To Kamioka" long baseline experiment started in 2009. It is making a precision measurement of the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and is helping ascertain the value of. It uses a neutrino beam directed at the Super Kamiokande detector from the Japanese Hadron Facility&#39;s 50 GeV (currently 30 GeV) proton synchrotron in Tōkai such that the neutrinos travel a total distance of 295 km.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 T2K observed for the first time the neutrino oscillations in the appearance channel: transformation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. In 2014 the collaboration provided the first constraints on the value of CP violating phase, together with the most precise measurement of the mixing angle.</p><br>
<h3>Cryogenic Laser Interferometer Observatory (CLIO)</h3><br>
<p>CLIO is a small gravity wave detector with 100 m arms which is not large enough to detect astronomical gravity waves, but is prototyping cryogenic mirror technologies for the larger KAGRA detector.</p><br>
<h3>KAGRA</h3><br>
<p>The KAmioka GRAvitational wave detector (formerly LCGT, the Large-scale Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Telescope) was approved in 2010, excavation was completed in March 2014, and the first phase is commissioning in 2016. It is a laser interferometer with two arms, each 3 km long, and when complete around 2018, will have a planned sensitivity to detect coalescing binary neutron stars at hundreds of Mpc distance.</p><br>
<h2>Future experiments</h2><br>
<h3>Hyper-Kamiokande</h3><br>
<p>There are proposals</p><br>
<p>to build a detector ten times larger than Super Kamiokande, and this project is known by the name Hyper-Kamiokande. First tank will be operable in the mid-2020&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Ortega is a neighborhood of Jacksonville, Florida, US. It is located south of downtown Jacksonville on a peninsula off the western bank of the St. Johns River. It is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in Jacksonville, and is the location of many historic homes and buildings.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula containing Ortega is bounded by the St. Johns and Ortega Rivers, and is bisected by Roosevelt Boulevard (USA Route 17); the area to the east of Roosevelt is known as Old Ortega, while the area to the west is known as Ortega Forest. On July 14, 2004 a section of Ortega to the east of 17 and north of Verona Boulevard was designated as the Old Ortega Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ortega got its start in 1763, shortly after Spain ceded Florida to England. By 1780, Colonel Daniel McGirtt moved into the Jones Plantation and served with rebel troops in Georgia against the British. After some skirmishes, he later changed sides and joined the British, plundering the rebel troops and stealing Georgian cattle. Soon he formed a band of outlaws and terrorized the British, as well. The British governor, eventually had him court martialed and jailed at Castillo de San Marcos in Saint Augustine, but he escaped. There are a road and a park in the neighborhood still named after him to this day.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, J. Pierpont Morgan helped a local Florida senator finance what is modern day Ortega. By 1908, the Ortega Company had completed a wooden bridge across the Ortega River, connecting to Avondale. A clubhouse was built and was designed by famed architect Henry Bacon of Lincoln Memorial. Bacon also built a house in the neighborhood, of which neither the original clubhouse or his house remain. The final construction boom occurred during the 1920s and Ortega has remained a neighborhood filled with wealthy businessmen and old families.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The peninsula containing the Ortega neighborhood was originally an island until a land bridge was constructed at the southern end; this is now part of Roosevelt Boulevard, a section of USA Route 17. The peninsula is separated from the mainland by the St. Johns River to the east, and the smaller waterway known as the Ortega River to the north and west. Ortega is bisected by Roosevelt; the older area to the east of the road is known as "Ortega" or "Old Ortega", while the newer developments to the west comprise "Ortega Forest". Ortega is also accessible via a two-lane bascule bridge, the Ortega River Bridge, which carries Ortega Boulevard (State Road 211). The current bridge was constructed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 2004 a section of Old Ortega was designated the Old Ortega Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places. The district is located east of USA 17 and north of Verona Boulevard. Ortega Boulevard is the primary route throughout the district, which covers 4500 acres and contains 597 historic buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>Ortega has a few different sections with different characteristics. There is the riverfront, with multimillion dollar mansions. Ortega Point has old wood frame and Tudor homes surrounding Bettes Park. The historic district has modest wood frame homes dating back to the early 1900s. Ortega Terrace towards the southern interior of the peninsula has large, stone and brick houses with a mix of styles. There is an extensive park system and many of the local residents set up trusts to help maintain and landscape the parks.</p><br>
<p>Two schools serve Ortega: Ortega Elementary School and St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Day School; many children also attend Stockton Elementary School in nearby Ortega Forest. Many of the neighborhood children walk or ride bikes to school and the neighborhood is characterized by a very strong family-oriented environment. Many of the neighborhood teenagers attend local or northern private schools or the International Baccalaureate at one of two "magnet" high schools nearby.</p><br>
<p>The street system is a grid pattern with themed street names. One end of the historic district has street names characterized by large Native American tribes. One section has the names of Ivy League schools. Another section has the names of all the styles of columns (i.e. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian).</p><br>
<p>The largest churches in the area are St. Mark’s Episcopal Church and United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>Residents are often members of either the Florida Yacht Club or Timuquana Country Club. Due to the easy access to the water many residents enjoy boating or sailing. Prominent New York businessman William Astor helped start the Florida Yacht Club and was an active member there (there is still a room in the present 1928 clubhouse named for him). Timuquana’s greens were designed by the country’s most prominent golf architect, Donald Ross and later upgraded and maintained by Robert Trent Jones.</p><br>
<p>Huckins Yachts are also constructed across the Ortega River from the neighborhood. Started over 80 years ago, the very first Huckins was sold to David M. Goodrich of B.F. Goodrich Rubber Company. He later purchased two more yachts. Many residents of the neighborhood own a Huckins Yacht, ranging in size from 35 feet to almost 100 feet. Huckins are also popular in yachting circles in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and Newport, Rhode Island. Huckins also built many PT boats for the USA Navy in World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Notable past and present residents</h2><br>
<p>Henry Bacon, architect of the Lincoln Memorial</p><br>
<p>Jack del Rio, coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars</p><br>
<p>David Duval, professional golfer</p><br>
<p>John Milton Bryan Simpson, former federal judge for which the John Milton Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse is named</p><br>
<p>Bill Terry, former Major League baseball player and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame</p><br>
<p>Lake Waco is a reservoir located within the city limits of Waco, in McLennan County, Texas, which serves as the western border for the city of Waco. The dam is located on the Bosque River. The lake has 79,000 acre.ft of water and is currently run by the Army Corps of Engineers. Lake Waco top of conservation pool was raised about 8 feet  in 2005. This has helped with fishing.</p><br>
<p>The flood threat to the city of Waco and downstream portions of the Brazos River - combined with the need for conservation storage to save millions of gallons of water that were wasted, led local citizens to seek a new reservoir. Through their efforts, Congress authorized the project for construction by the Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<p>By law, local interests are required to bear the cost of acquisition of the storage allocated to conservation in the reservoir. A water conservation contract covering repayment of the cost of those features has been approved, and, under its terms, the Brazos River Authority will also contribute its share annually for operation and maintenance of the project.</p><br>
<p>Waco Lake is operated for its various purposes by the Corps of Engineers, with water being furnished to the Authority under the term by the Texas Water Commission</p><br>
<p>Mount Hopeless  is in the Flinders Ranges in South Australia, south-west of Lake Blanche. It is little more than a stony rise of 127 metres. It was over-named by the explorer Edward Eyre.</p><br>
<p>In June 1840, Eyre left Adelaide with the aim of leading an expedition to the ‘centre’ of the Australian continent – the first colonist to make such an attempt. But in early September he was in despair. The land was dry. Most of the water he encountered was salty and it seemed to him that Adelaide was cut off from the interior by a great horseshoe shaped salt lake. On 2 September that year he climbed a stony rise which he named ‘Mount Hopeless’. As he explained, ‘cheerless and hopeless indeed was the prospect before us.’ The great salt lake, he went on, ‘was now visible to the north and to the east; and I had at last ascertained, beyond all doubt, that its basin, commencing near the head of Spencer&#39;s Gulf, and following the course of Flinders range (bending round its northern extreme to the southward), constituted those hills the termination of the island of South Australia, for such I imagine it once to have been. This closed all my dreams as to the expedition...’ (Edward Eyre, Journals Of Expeditions Of Discovery Into Central Australia)</p><br>
<p>Robert O&#39;Hara Burke tried several times to reach this outpost in 1861 when he became stranded with William Wills and John King on Cooper Creek but he failed and returned to Cooper Creek, where he and Wills died shortly after.</p><br>
<p>The Villa Louis, also known as Dousman Mansion, is a National Historic Landmark located on St. Feriole Island, in Prairie du Chien, southwestern Wisconsin. The villa and estate are a historical museum operated by the Wisconsin Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was inhabited by Native American tribes, especially the Mound Builders, as is evidenced by the large mound upon which later structures at the site (Fort Shelby, Fort Crawford, and the homes of Hercules and of Louis Dousman) have all stood. In 1814, the Siege of Prairie du Chien was fought in the area by American and British troops hoping to control Fort Shelby during the War of 1812. Later the land was occupied by Fort Crawford.</p><br>
<p>After the Native Americans were removed from the area, the land was purchased by Hercules L. Dousman, who was a man of many trades: a fur trader, a lumberman, a land sculptor, and a frontier entrepreneur. In the mid-1840s, he began construction on the estate from which Villa Louis would be born. The location he chose was perfect due to its proximity to the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>Later Dousman&#39;s son, Louis, established the present estate, at the center of which is an elegant Villa Louis mansion designed by E. Townsend Mix built in 1871 in the Victorian Italianate style.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The estate now known as Villa Louis began when Prairie du Chien trader and investor Hercules Dousman purchased land previously occupied by Fort Crawford. Dousman had the remains of the fort cleared away. In 1843, he built a large, brick Greek Revival house atop an Indian mound, which had been the site of the old forts southeastern blockhouse. Because of this, Hercules Dousmans home has come to be called the "House on the Mound". This name was also used as the title of an August Derleth novel that featured Dousman as a principal character. Hercules Dousman lived in the House on the Mound until his death in 1868. At the time of his death, he was one of the wealthiest men in Wisconsin, and his fortune passed to his wife Jane and his son Louis.</p><br>
<p>Upon coming into his fathers estate, Louis decided to demolish the House on the Mound and replace it with a more contemporary Victorian Italianate style house that included modern indoor plumbing and central heating, both considered luxuries at the time. Louis Dousman contracted with Milwaukee architect E. Townsend Mix in 1870 to have the new house designed and built, and construction was finished in 1871. The new mansion was built with some parts of the old demolished one. The two-story Cream City brick house became the residence of Louiss mother, Jane, while Louis himself moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota not long after construction was finished.</p><br>
<p>In St. Paul, Louis married Nina Sturgis, and later the couple moved to St. Louis, Missouri, eventually having five children. However, following the death of his mother Jane Dousman in 1882, Louis made plans to return to Prairie du Chien and transform the family estate into a stock farm to breed Standardbred horses. Stables and paddocks were constructed on the estate, along with a half mile racetrack so Dousman could begin holding an annual carriage race on the property. Because the estate had an artesian well, Louis decided to call his new venture the "Artesian Stock Farm". In 1885, Louis moved back to the Prairie du Chien estate with his family. In the process, the 1871 mansion was substantially remodeled and the house was redecorated in the style of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. This remodel included not only the house, but also the adjacent office. The remodeling was done by a Chicago designer from the William Morris Company of London.</p><br>
<p>Louiss plans for the estate came to an abrupt halt the following year, on his sudden death in January, 1886. He was 37 years old when he died, leaving behind a widow and five children. After Louiss death, the stock farm was disbanded and the horses sold, and Nina Dousman renamed the estate "Villa Louis" in memory of her late husband. Later, in 1888, Nina remarried and moved to New York City, leaving the estate vacant. Her new marriage did not last, and in 1893 she returned with the five Dousman children to the Midwest. Villa Louis was then used as the family&#39;s summer home into the early 20th century. Louis de Vierville Dousman, the only son of Louis and Nina, was the last family member to occupy the estate, leaving for Billings, Montana in 1913 with his wife Sarah Easton.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<h4>Historic site and museums</h4><br>
<p>Although the Dousman family had left the Villa Louis estate by 1913, they continued to own the property. Over the following decades, they rented the mansion for use as a boarding school, among other things. In the 1930s, two of Louis Dousmans children, Violet and Virginia, began to restore the estate to its 19th-century appearance. They then transferred the property to the city of Prairie du Chien, so that the mansion could be operated as a historic house museum. In 1952, the site was acquired by the Wisconsin Historical Society, and became the organizations first historic site.</p><br>
<p>Since then, the Villa Louis historic site has expanded to encompass two other nearby National Historic Landmarks: the Brisbois House, and the Astor Fur Warehouse. The warehouse now functions as a museum of the fur trade, while the Brisbois house has remained closed to the public. The site also contains the Rolette House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and numerous outbuildings constructed by the Dousmans as part of the Villa Louis estate.</p><br>
<h4>1990s restoration</h4><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the discovery of numerous photographs of Villa Louis from the late 19th century allowed the historical society to undertake a major restoration of the mansion and surrounding buildings. Using the collection of photographs and the estate&#39;s original furnishings, many of which were given to the site by the Dousman family heirs, the society was able to authentically restore the home to its appearance from 1893 to 1898. The use of photographs and original furniture to so accurately restore the home brought national attention to the site in 1999, including a feature article in Victorian Decorating & Lifestyle magazine and an exhibit at the New York School of Interior Design.</p><br>
<p>The historical society hosts several events at Villa Louis, including a reenactment of the Battle of Prairie du Chien, and the Villa Louis Carriage Classic, a major carriage driving competition held each September.</p><br>
<p>Harriton House, originally known as Bryn Mawr, is a historic house on Pennsylvania&#39;s Main Line, most famously the residence of Charles Thomson, the secretary of the Continental Congress. It was originally built in 1704 by Rowland Ellis, a Welsh Quaker, and was called Bryn Mawr, meaning high hill. The modern town of Bryn Mawr is named after the house, and the National Register of Historic Places has it listed under the original name.</p><br>
<p>It was originally built as a T-shaped, two-story fieldstone dwelling with a gable roof. The original front section is approximately 37 feet wide and 22 feet deep and the rear extension is approximately 18 feet wide and 23 feet deep. A one-story brick kitchen was added to the end of the rear extension. The house was renovated in 1911 and major additions were made in 1926.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Harriton Association</h2><br>
<p>The Harriton Association was started in 1962 by a group of people who were concerned that the house and its surrounding grounds, which were privately owned at the time, would be subdivided and developed. The Association removed the 1926 additions and restored the house to look as it did when Charles Thomson lived there in time for the 1976 United States Bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>The Association operates Harriton House as a museum and cultural resource. Tours are given from Wednesday through Saturday, and special events are held at the house throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>The Bateman Hotel, previously known as Howell Hotel or Kellogg Hotel, located in Lowville, New York, is now a conglomerate of condos. At one time, it was a hotel with a kitchen, a dining room, and a saloon. The hotel is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1869 to replace a predecessor hotel, after the downtown area was burnt in a fire in January 1869.</p><br>
<p>A livery barn from c.1874 is a contributing structure on the property.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was owned in the 50s through 1980 by Harold and Marion Mahar. After Harolds death in the late 60&#39;s, Marion (called "Mother Mahar" by the locals) continued to run the hotel until her retirement in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bateman Hotel (1869) is located on the east side of State Street just south of Shady Avenue in the commercial downtown district of Lowville, Lewis County. The surrounding commercial district, which has been identified as an eligible State/National Registers Historic District, consists of a distinctive and well-preserved grouping of mid-late 190th century architecture representing the period of Lowville&#39;s greatest growth and prosperity. The Bateman Hotel is one of the most prominent and architecturally distinctive buildings within the district, occupying the center building in a massive four-story brick commercial block which dominates the downtown street-scape. Architecturally, the design and detailing of the Bateman Hotel incorporate characteristics of the Italianate and Second Empire styles popular during the latter half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Bateman Hotel is the center building in a commercial block of unified design and construction. Its main facade is characterized by a molded cornice with decorative brackets and full-height pilasters which break up the wall surface to form a pattern of 2-12-2 bays across the front. At the north and south ends windows are paired on the second and third stories and grouped in threes on the fourth. Throughout the upper stories windows are 1/1 sash set in round arches which are accentuated by full arch crowns on the fourth story. Belt courses separate the upper stories. A contrasting yellow brick coursing follows the top of the window heads on all three stories with limestone belt coursing at the sills. The first story contains three storefronts and the hotels public space. The Colonial Revival porte-cochere with round Doric columns resting on cut stone piers which highlights the main entry, and the large paned glass storefronts reflect c.1909 renovations to the first story. The hotels original main entrance had only a small extended weather roof which was replaced in 1874 by a hexagonal veranda, and again in 1909 with the present porte-cochere.</p><br>
<p>The rear (eastern) elevation of the Bateman Hotel is a plain brick facade resting on a random ashlar limestone base. Perpendicular to the main block on its north end is a three-story 4x3 bay brick wing with one-story covered wood porch. Adjacent to the porch on the north end is a one-story, wood frame enclosed section. Windows in the rear elevation contain 1/1 sash with plain stone sills and soldier course brick lintels. To meet current day building code requirements, a four-story brick, 3x1 bay elevator shaft/stairtower addition has recently been added (part of the tax credit project) to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the Bateman Hotel is divided into three areas. The first area contains the public space which includes the lobby, dining room, restaurant and bar, all interconnected; the second is the service space located in the rear section of the building which contains the kitchen and bathroom facilities; the third is the commercial space consisting of three storefronts located at the south end of the building. Dominant features of the hotels interior include the centralized grand circular staircase that rises directly from the first floor through the fourth floor, and the longitudinal orientation of the double-loaded main corridors in a north-south direction on the upper floors which are connected to the main stairway by short passageways. The main corridor does not divide the building equally; rooms along the west side (front) of the building are typically two deep, while those along the east side (rear) are only a single room deep. The second and third floors plans are almost identical, while the fourth floor differs only in that there is no rear section extending from the fourth floor. Two original stairways located at either end of the main corridors, which led to the now-removed corner towers, have been closed off. The rear wing of the building which originally contained the service area, has a double loaded corridor running east-west with a series of small rooms on either side.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of the first floor, which was renovated in 1909, original finishes throughout the hotel have been largely retained. They include: grained molded wood trim around doors, windows and baseboards (secondary rooms have only plain baseboards and moldings), six-panelled transomed doors off corridors into most rooms, plaster arches resting on wood brackets dividing sections of the hallway, and the four-story spiral stairway with full decorative wood balustrade. Extant first floor finishes reflecting the 1909 renovations include: plaster walls in some locations, heave decorative wood moldings, and pressed metal ceilings. the black and white (checkered) marble tile floor dates to 1876.</p><br>
<p>The historic architectural integrity of the Bateman Hotel has been very well preserved with its original form, fenestration and fabric largely intact. Alterations to the buildings original exterior have been limited to the 1909 renovations to the first floor storefronts and main entry, the c.1960 removal of the domed cupolas from the buildings north and south ends, replacement window sash (4/4 with 1/1), and the recent addition of a four-story stair tower to the rear of the building. An original passageway which cut through the hotel on its north side to allow the passage of carriages from State Street to the rear of the building has been closed off; in its place is a commercial establishment(bar).</p><br>
<p>Other noteworthy features of the Bateman Hotel are the historic large painted signs on the brickwork. On the rear extension is painted "The Bateman", under which the previous sign for the "Kellogg House" can still be made out. "The Bateman" is also painted on the street facade between the second and third floors and, again, "Kellogg House" is clearly discernible underneath.</p><br>
<p>A contributing feature on the property is the c.1874 livery barn located to the rear (east) of the Bateman Hotel in what is currently the parking area for the hotel. It is a 1-1/2 story heavy timber framed structure with board and batten siding and a standing seam metal roof.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>The Bateman is located on Lowville&#39;s main road, State Street. As a large four-story building, it "dominates" the downtown area.</p><br>
<p>Zaklopača  is a suburban settlement of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade&#39;s municipality of Grocka.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Zaklopača is located in the central part of the municipality, 8 km west of the municipal seat of Grocka and 25 km east of Belgrade. It is located on the road connecting the road of Smederevski put to the north and the highway Belgrade-Niš to the south, with another branch of the road connecting Zaklopača directly to Grocka to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Name of the village is unusual, but the origin of it is obscured. One of the explanations is that it is because the village is closed or covered by the surrounding hills (in Serbian: zaklopiti) while the other is that a certain Turkish pasha was slaughtered (Serbian: zaklati) in the area. Both those explanations, though, are probably just folk etymology.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First mention of the village is from 1528 in Turkish census of the villages in the Nahiye of Belgrade, when it had 8 houses. In the next mention in 1530, it already had 28 houses. The village was apparently deserted sometime in the late 16th century as it didn’t appear in any sources from the 18th century, like Austrian charts (who controlled the area 1689-91, 1717-39 and 1789-91) or the lists of the Metropolitanate of Belgrade. The village reappeared after the Serbian Uprisings in the early 19th century, though it is still not known for sure whether the new settlement is on the exact spot of the old one.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Zaklopača is statistically classified as a rural settlement (village). Its southern extension connects it urbanely with the village of Vrčin while the northern one, Strnjike, spreads along the Smederevski put. It had population of 2,197 in 1991, 2,252 in 2002 and 2,297 in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Economy is based on the agriculture. The most important is the fruit growing as Zaklopača is in the middle of one of the most famous fruit producing areas of Serbia, with vast orchards (apples, plums, peaches, apricots, cherries, etc.). The PKB agricultural company, with fruit plantations and huge refrigerators (PKB - Voćarske plantaže) is located nearby. Area surrounding Zaklopača is nicknamed &#39;Little California&#39;, because of its specific micro-climate conditions.</p><br>
<p>Zaklopača has its own hamlets, some of them are Podaćave, Lukino, Smrdan, Izvorčiće, Lazina Šuma, Golo Brdo, Grčki potok, Grab, Jabučije, Mostine, Lipovica, Lupoglav, Velika Strana, Gavran, etc. Curiosity is that the micro-climate is diverse to such an extent that each of these areas have best conditions for different species of fruits. First modern settlements in the area of present village are formed on the northern border of Zaklopača, so this area is known today as Staro Selo (Old Village).</p><br>
<p>The most important building in the village is the Church of the Holy Trinity, built in 1885. An old village house, built in 1810, is preserved and inhabitants are petitioning for it to be protected by the state.</p><br>
<h2>Strnjike</h2><br>
<p>Northern section of Zaklopača, extending along the Smederevski put road is called Strnjike. Located on the top of the hill above Zaklopača, it grows faster than the rest of the settlement, stretching in all four directions: south to the center of the settlement, east to Grocka, west to Boleč and north to the Danube coast. Being on the major road, apart from agriculture, some commercial facilities are developing.</p><br>
<p>Resava Cave  or Resavska Cave is a cave near Jelovac in eastern Serbia, about 20 km from Despotovac. It is one of the largest cave systems in Serbia, with the corridors about 4.5 km long.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The cave is located in the Upper Resava region. The cave is estimated to be 80 million years old while the oldest speleothems date from 45 million years ago. It has four halls on two levels each and the speleothmes are colored in red, yellow and white. Altitude at the entrance into the cave is 485 m and the lowest point inside is at 405 m.</p><br>
<p>The cave was formed by the sinking river in the limestone substrate. Cave formations are right at the entry. They are formed through the dissolving of the calcium carbonate. The color depends on the mineral through which the water flows: red from the iron oxide, white from the crystalized calcium and yellow from the traces of clay. The symbol of the cave is a massive stalagmite, 20 m tall and 12 m wide. After its appearance, it was named the Statue of mother with a child. The cave consists of 8 halls.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>Resava cave was accidentally discovered by the local shepherds in 1962. After being explored for 10 years, the cave was officially opened for visitors on 22 April 1972. On 1 May 2017, the Adrenalin Park, a new attraction was opened in the cave. It consist of 15 obstacles (hanging bridges, hanging cables, zip-line, beams, etc.). It had 56.500 visitors in 2017.</p><br>
<p>Out of its 4.5 km, 2.83 km is explored in detail, while 0.8 km is adapted for the visitors. A popular tourist story developed around a specific stalactite and a stalagmite, their "love yearning and a kiss". They are just few millimeters apart, but it will take a 1,000 years before they reach each other. Since 2010, Resava Cave is member of ISCA, International Show Caves Association. In 2017 it became the first hydrological monument with the decorative lights in Serbia. LED, cold lights are used, so that it wouldn&#39;t affect the microclimate. Glowing info tables in each of the halls and new hand rails were also added.</p><br>
<p>North of Resava Cave is the cultural monument Lisine, which comprises two waterfalls, Veliko Vrelo and Veliki Buk. The Lisine hydro-complex and Resava Cave are under one administration, covering an area of 11 hectare. In 2017 the Government of Serbia and Institute for Nature Protection began preliminary actions into creating a new national park, which would cover the mountainous Kučaj-Beljanica region. It is supposed to be the largest national park in Serbia, which would, among other, encompass the Resava Cave, Lisine complex and some of the oldest, intact forest in the country, like the Vinatovača rainforest, which remained intact since the mid 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The George Herbert Jones Laboratory is an academic building at 5747 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, on the main campus of the University of Chicago. Room 405 of the building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1967; it was the site where plutonium, the first man-made element, was isolated and measured.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The George Herbert Jones Laboratory is located at the northwest corner of the main quadrangle of the University of Chicago campus, between East 58th and 57th Streets. It is a four story masonry structure, built in 1928-29 as facility and instructional space for the university&#39;s staff of research chemists and graduate students in chemistry. Room 405 is a relatively non-descript chamber on the fourth floor, measuring 6 x, with shelves and counters lining its walls. It is accessed via a wooden door with a glass window in its upper half.</p><br>
<p>As part of the USA War Departments Manhattan Project, University of Chicago chemists began to study the newly manufactured radioactive element, plutonium. Room 405 was the site where, for the first time on August 18, 1942, a team led by physicist Glenn Seaborg isolated a trace quantity of this new element. Measurements performed on September 10, 1942 enabled chemists to determine the new elements atomic weight. This important step was to change the world, making possible both nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Seaborg later said of this event: "These memorable days will go down in scientific history to mark the first sight of a synthetic element, and the first isolation of a weighable amount of an artificially produced isotope of any element."</p><br>
<p>The USA Department of Energy remediated Jones Laboratory in the 1980s by studying and removing almost all of the building&#39;s World War II-era radioactive waste. The remediation took place in 1982, 1983, and 1987.</p><br>
<p>Although room 405 looks nothing like the original condition, the lobby of the laboratory maintains a collection of the specialized equipment used to perform the measurements. Although the building&#39;s basement and ground floor were significantly damaged by an explosion in 1973, Room 405 was not affected.</p><br>
<p>Scholz Garten  is a beer garden and restaurant in downtown Austin, Texas and the oldest operating business in Texas.</p><br>
<p>Established by German immigrant August Scholz in 1866 after the American Civil War, Scholz Garten became a hub for German immigrants and their culture in the capital city. It was purchased by The Saengerrunde Club in 1914, who still owns it today. It remains a popular gathering spot for both political discussion and University of Texas sports events.</p><br>
<p>Scholz Garten was recorded as a Texas Historic Landmark in 1967, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The business lease was purchased in 1986 by Eddie Wilson (founder of the Armadillo World Headquarters and Threadgill&#39;s), Phil Vitek, and Michael Osborne who restored it in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Goodall Wooten House is a historic home built in 1898-1900 in Austin, Texas, USA. It was built by local doctor and benefactor Goodall H. Wooten and his wife Ella and was noted for its Classical Revival architecture and lush gardens. The building has served many purposes since passing out of the Wooten family in 1944, such as a student residence hall, a chemical dependency treatment center, a luxury hotel called "The Mansion at Judges&#39; Hill" and currently, a boutique hotel called "Hotel Ella." The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The couple had begun planning the house in 1897, when they were married, and on July 20, 1898 Dr. Wooten and his wife purchased the land where the house would sit from Wootens father, Dr. Thomas D. Wooten. They lived with Wootens father while the house was being built and their daughter Lucie was born in her grandfather&#39;s home. Construction was completed on January 20, 1900 and the family moved in.</p><br>
<p>The house has three stories and a basement. The basement had servant sleeping quarters, a game room and storage. The first floor boasted an impressive entry foyer, sitting room, music room, dining room and kitchen. The second floor had four bedrooms, another sitting room, a bathroom and a room for Wooten&#39;s extensive gun collection. There was room in the attic for more storage.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the house underwent a major renovation and went from a large house to a mansion. The west end of the house was expanded and the lower sitting room was merged into a new library and another bedroom was added. The plain hip roof was replaced and received new dormers. Ella hired Neiman-Marcus to redecorate the interior. It was the first house in Austin the Dallas-based company worked on.</p><br>
<p>Goodhall Wooten died on January 30, 1942 and Ella became the sole owner of the house. Ella sold the house on June 24, 1944. On October 20, 1953, the property was sold to Christian Faith and Life Community, who operated the house until 1972 as a student residence hall years. The house was referred to as Lads House, Wooten House, Wooten Dormitory and Wooten Hall. The building remained a student residence until 1979 under another operator.</p><br>
<p>The mansion changed purposes on November 15, 1979 when James and Delois Coker bought it and opened the Chemical Dependency Treatment Center of Austin. It served as a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center for twenty years, although the name changed to the Faulkner Parkside Lodge of Austin and then the Austin Recovery Center.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003, the house was used under the name "The Mansion at Judges Hill," although technically the structure does not sit in the old Judges Hill neighborhood. In September 2013, it reopened as "Hotel Ella."</p><br>
<p>The original address of the house was 700 Magnolia Street. Magnolia Street was renamed 19th Street and then Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. The address of the house was reassigned to the cross street Rio Grande (originally called San Bernard) and the current address is listed as 1900 Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>Wooldridge Park, also known as Wooldridge Square, is an urban park in downtown Austin, Texas. The park consists of a city block containing a natural basin whose sides slope inward to form an amphitheater with a bandstand at its center. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wooldridge Park is one of four original public squares designated in downtown Austin in the 1839 master plan for the city drawn up by Edwin Waller, but it lay vacant for seventy years. In an era of civic pride in 1909, however, Austin Mayor A. P. Wooldridge sponsored the cleaning of the square and the construction of a classical revival-style gazebo for public engagements, which officially opened the same year. The park was dedicated on June 18, 1909 to considerable aplomb with dedicatory address being made by the Mayor.</p><br>
<p>Wooldridge Park is unique as the only public square in Austin to have retained its original function since its establishment more than one hundred thirty years ago. When the first city plans were drawn in 1840, four such squares were included. The other three underwent various uses over time, hosting parking lots, a fire station, a church, a museum, and businesses. Wooldridge Park alone has remained an essential element of Austin&#39;s outdoor social, musical, and political life.</p><br>
<p>The view of the Texas State Capitol from Wooldridge Park is one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings since 1983.</p><br>
<p>Flinders Island is an island in the Investigator Group off the coast of South Australia. It was named by Matthew Flinders after his younger brother Samuel Flinders, the second lieutenant on HMS Investigator in 1802. It is part of the Investigator Group Important Bird Area. The island has been subject to diamond exploration following the discovery of a wide range of kimberlite indicator minerals there. These minerals include chromite, pyrope, diopside, picroilmenite, forsterite, orthopyroxene, as well as small diamonds.</p><br>
<h2>Little penguin colony</h2><br>
<p>Flinders Island supports a colony of little penguins which in 2006 was believed to be "probably declining", with a population of less than twenty birds. An account of Flinders Island&#39;s wildlife published in 1934 stated that penguins could "be seen waddling soldier-like among the rocks and cave entrances that constitute their homes."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<p>Flinders named the island after Samuel Flinders, the sloop’s second lieutenant and his younger brother on Saturday, 13 February 1802.</p><br>
<p>The Flinders Island Whaling and Sealing Site is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<h3>Reserves declared by the South Australian government</h3><br>
<p>A strip of land along the north coast of the island extending west from the island’s most northerly headland, Point Malcolm, has the subject of the subject of a heritage agreement since 29 August 1995. The parcel of land which is identified as No. HA1003 is sized at 279 hectare.</p><br>
<h3>Non-statutory arrangements</h3><br>
<p>Flinders Island is one of the islands included in the Investigator Islands Important Bird Area (sic) identified by BirdLife International.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and references</h2><br>
<h3>Citations</h3><br>
<p>Parkside is a neighborhood in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Parkside neighborhood was built during the 1876 Centennial Exhibition. It is a National Register of Historic Places Historic District with many examples of Victorian architecture, some well-preserved, others in poor condition. The neighborhood was populated by German Americans, followed by Eastern European Jews, before becoming heavily African American after World War II. (Directly after World War II it was home to many displaced persons from Eastern Europe, which included Latvians.)</p><br>
<p>In 2008, a shopping mall called the Park West Town Village Shopping Center was completed. Its anchor stores are Shop Rite, Lowes, McDonalds, and CW Price. It is located on North 52nd Street.</p><br>
<p>Parkside is the home of the Evans Recreation Center. In 2014, the Philly Pumptrack opened at Evans.</p><br>
<p>Parkside was the early home of gangsta rapper Schoolly D, and was referenced in his songs "PSK" (Park Side Killers) and "Parkside 5-2".</p><br>
<p>The Greenough River is a river in the Mid West region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Greenough River has its headwaters near Woojalong Hills on the Yilgarn Plateau. It runs in a south-westerly direction through deep valleys for approximately 340 km, passing through the Waterloo Ranges before descending to the coastal plain. A few kilometres from the sea it is obstructed by dunes, and turns to the north-west, running along a dune swale parallel with the coast for about 35 km before finally discharging into the Indian Ocean at Cape Burney, about 9 km south of Geraldton, Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The ten tributaries that contribute to the Greenough are Woojalong Brook, Woolbarka Brook, Bangemall Creek, Urawa River, Kolanadgy Gully, Nangerwalla Creek, Wooderarrung River, Wandin Creek, Kockatea Creek and Wicherina Brook.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the Greenough are estuarine; how far upriver the estuary extends is not certain, but probably about 7 km to near Bootenal Springs. The river mouth is barred from the ocean by a sandbar that breaks only in periods of strong flow. Once open, it usually remains open for several months. The bar has now been reinforced with brushwood on the northern side, to force the bar to open only on the southern side, where the adjacent dune is more stable.</p><br>
<p>Evidence from wind gaps suggests that, thousands of years ago, the Greenough River turned to the north-west a few kilometres further from the coast than it does at present, at the present-day site of Walkaway. It then ran along the inside of a limestone ridge, following what is now the path of the Geraldton–Dongara railway line, to the vicinity of Rudds Gully. Both watercourses then flowed north to discharge into the Chapman River. Later, Rudds Gully cut its own path to the ocean, and the Greenough River discharged into it; and later still, the Greenough cut its own path through the limestone ridge at Walkaway, thus forming its own course.</p><br>
<p>The well-documented strong winds at Greenough have resulted in large mobile dune systems both to the south and north of the Greenough River mouth. Both are gradually moving northwards, and it is estimated that the southern dune will reach the mouth of the Greenough around 2045, at which point the Greenough may well become even more prone to flooding, or be forced to change its course.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The river is dry most of the time, but has a number of permanent pools such as Bootenal Spring. However, the entire basin is prone to severe flooding which has periodically devastated local farming communities. The worst on record occurred in 1888: over 50 km&sup2; was flooded; the water was over 5 m deep south of Greenough; four people were drowned and many financially ruined; and ultimately the town of Greenough was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Another flood occurred in 1953 with the river being reported as 100 yd past the width of the floods in 1883. An 8 ft wall of water washed down the river then steadily rose until it was 20 ft high, completely covering the bridge near Walkaway, Western Australia. The 1953 flood was the biggest in 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The river water is eutrophic and sediment-laden, and there is evidence that this has affected the ecology of the area, with migratory wading birds no longer visiting the floodplain in numbers as large as previously.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greenough River was named on 8 April 1839 by the explorer George Grey, while on his second disastrous expedition along the Western Australian coast, after George Bellas Greenough, President of the Royal Geographical Society in 1837 at the time Grey&#39;s expedition was equipped.</p><br>
<p>Paloumpa  is a town in Arcadia, southern Greece. It is situated on a mountain slope overlooking the valley of the river Alfeios. It was the seat of the former municipality of Iraia. The town is in a remote area, but contains a post office and a KEP - Centre for Serving Citizens. The inhabitants are mainly concerned with animal husbandry. Paloumpa is 4 km southeast of Lyssarea and 9 km northwest of Dimitsana.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The town was almost completely leveled in an earthquake in the 1960s and as a result contains very little architecture from before this period.</p><br>
<h3>Church of Saint George</h3><br>
<p>The church was built in the nineteenth century on a basic basilica groundplan in a central location within the town. It is dedicated to Saint George, but celebrates on the Dormition of the Virgin. In 2004 a fire which was most likely caused by an unattended oil-lamp gutted the church destroying the exquisitely worked carved wooden iconostasis which had been granted as a gift by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, father of King Otto the first King of the newly established Independent Greek State. Work has commenced under the supervision of the local Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities to repair the damage and re-roof the structure.</p><br>
<h3>Church of Saint Panteleimon</h3><br>
<p>The church is on the western edge of the town and is used as a cemetery church.</p><br>
<h3>Church of Saint Paraskevi</h3><br>
<p>The church is on the hill overlooking the town near a spring.</p><br>
<h3>House of Dimitris Plapoutas</h3><br>
<p>The House of the Revolutionary hero is very centrally located in the town. Once known as "ο πύργος" (The Tower) because it was the biggest house in the town, the house used to be a tri-level mansion with stables. The upper two levels were destroyed in a 1960s earthquake.</p><br>
<h2>Famous inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>Dimitris Plapoutas (1786-1864) general and politician</p><br>
<p>Liakos Liakopoulos</p><br>
<p>Panourgias Eliopoulos</p><br>
<p>Iraia  is a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it became a municipal unit of the municipality of Gortynia. The municipal unit has an area of 144.002 km. It consists of 27 villages. Population 1,552 . The seat of the municipality was in Paloumpa. The municipality is named after the ancient Arcadian city of Heraia. The region was known in recent times for the construction workers  who came from the villages of Servos and Lyssarea. Pausanias describes the ancient cities of Heraia and Melaineai and their buildings. An excavation near Lyssarea uncovered buildings, mosaics, as well as gold and silver coins.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>The village of Loutra Iraias is the birthplace of the film-maker Constantinos Gavras (Costa-Gavras).</p><br>
<p>The Bietschhorn  is a mountain in canton Wallis to the south of the Bernese Alps in Switzerland. The northeast and southern slopes of the mountain are part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area  listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes the Jungfrau and the Aletsch Glacier. The Bietschhorn is located on the south side of the Lötschental valley and form part of the UNESCO World Heritage Region at the north end of the Bietschtal valley and Baltschiedertal valley. Most climbers approach the mountain from either the Bietschhornhütte or the Baltschiederklause.</p><br>
<p>It was first climbed on 13 August 1859 by Leslie Stephen, with guides Anton Siegen, Johann Siegen and Joseph Ebener. An account of this first ascent was published by Leslie Stephen in his book The Playground of Europe (1871).</p><br>
<p>Matutum is an active volcano, approximately 5.7 km from Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato, Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Matutum is located in the province of South Cotabato, on the island of Mindanao, in the south of the Philippines, at geographical coordinates 6°22N, 125°06.5E.</p><br>
<p>It is 15 km north of Polomolok, and about 30 km north-northwest of General Santos City.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>Matutum is a stratovolcano that rises 2,286 m asl with a base diameter of 25 km.</p><br>
<p>It has 2 hot springs, called Acmonan and Linan, 5.7 km west-southwest of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent volcanic edifices are Landayao, Tampad, and Albulhek, which are all west of the volcano, and Magolo to the north.</p><br>
<p>There is a well-preserved 320 m wide crater at the volcano&#39;s summit. The crater is breached by three gorges and has a 120 m deep, densely forested floor.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Volcanologists suspect that Matutum may have had a phreatic eruption on March 7, 1911.</p><br>
<p>Matutum is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. All are part of the Pacific ring of fire.</p><br>
<p>Musuan Peak or Mount Musuan, also known as Mount Calayo  is an active volcano on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is 4.5 km south of the city of Valencia, province of Bukidnon, and 81 km southeast of Cagayan de Oro City.</p><br>
<h2>Physical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Musuan is a lava dome and tuff cone.</p><br>
<p>It has an elevation of 646 m asl, and a base diameter of 3 km.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology reports that Musuan erupted in 1866 and 1867, but the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Global Volcanism Program records another eruption, possibly phreatic, that "burned everything around it." The explosion supposedly occurred four years before the 1891 visit of a Jesuit priest, who reported that he could not examine the volcano more closely because of strong solfataric activity.</p><br>
<p>A strong seismic swarm occurred near Musuan in 1976, and again around mid-2011.</p><br>
<p>Musuan is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Mount Musuan&#39;s northern slope is still covered by a primary rainforest. The rest is covered predominantly by Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica). Reforestation efforts on the bare areas, both in tree-planting drives and by Central Mindanao University personnel, have established temporary forests of Acacia mangium and conifers.</p><br>
<p>There are 524 species of plants in Mt. Musuan under 353 genera and 135 families. 301 species are trees, 51 shrubs, 50 grasses and sedges, 46 herbs, 42 vines, 31 ferns, and 3 fern allies. 188 species (35%) are economically important, 128 species (24%) are endemic, and 3 (1%) are endangered species. Musuan peak has approximately 6,354 individual trees. The most common tree species (in density and frequency) are the Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Kamala tree) and Colona serratifolia, followed by Clausena brevistyla and Alstonia scholaris (Blackboard tree). Three species of pteridophytes are locally threatened: Marsilea crenata ("apat-apat"), Ceratopteris thalictroides ("pakung-sungay"), and Lycopodiella cernua (clubmoss). 10 species of pteridophytes are endemic to the area.</p><br>
<h2>History and Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Musuans lack of any visible crater has led to some local skepticism of it being an active volcano. Still, the imagery evoked by its name variant Mount Calayo (Fire Mountain) and the stories told by local Bukidnon tribesmen keeps people wary of the relatively small mountain which doesnt look like a volcano at all.</p><br>
<p>Valencia City is located North of the peak, the Central Mindanao University (CMU) and Barangay Dologon at the southwest, and the Pulangi River on the entire eastern side.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Musuan Peak is the Mt. Musuan Zoological and Botanical Garden of the Central Mindanao University. It includes a butterfly greenhouse and a reforestation nursery among its buildings. The Sayre Highway and a research center of the Philippine Carabao Center are located on the western slopes. It has a tourist shop which sells dairy products made from Carabao milk. South of the mountain are the university agricultural facilities including a cattle ranch, a poultry farm, greenhouses, and a dairy.</p><br>
<p>Due to its proximity to the university and the university town proper, it has become a popular destination for students, teachers, and tourists; either for picnics or a study of the flora and fauna of one of the few remnants of the jungles that once covered the valleys of the surrounding areas. From its isolated position in the middle of the valley and the very small surface area of its highest point (only a few meters), the entire countryside is visible from the top. Currently its slopes has been the target of extensive reforestation efforts partly paid for by the establishment of toll gates to hikers intending to go up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands on Luzon Strait, north of the main island of Luzon in the Philippines. The mountain is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which last erupted in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is politically located in the Municipality of Calayan, Cagayan province, the town that has jurisdiction over the Babuyan Islands except Fuga Island.</p><br>
<h2>Physical features</h2><br>
<p>The sparsely-vegetated cinder cone is 688 m high with a base diameter of 4.5 km.</p><br>
<p>Smith Volcano is one of the probably five Pleistocene-to-Holocene volcanic centers on Babuyan Island (also known as Babuyan de Claro Island) with Smith, the youngest volcano on the island. The largest on the island is Babuyan Claro (also known as Mt. Pangasun), an active stratovolcano with two well-preserved summit craters 300 and in diameter, located in the center of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Smith Volcano has erupted six times, the last of which was in 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Emergency investigation of 1993</h2><br>
<p>A team of volcanologists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Quick Response Team conducted an investigation on July 8, 1993 following reports of unusual volcanic activity at Babuyan Island. Results of the survey showed that Smith Volcano was quiet with no volcanic earthquakes recorded during the survey.</p><br>
